References

References and web-pages cited were current as of 03 Oct 2017.

Aagaard P. (2003). Training-induced changes in neural function. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 31, 61-67

Aagaard P., Andersen J., Dyhre-Poulsen P., Leffers A., Wagner A., Magnusson P., Halkjær, and Simonsen E. (2001). A mechanism for increased contractile strength of human pennate muscle in response to strength training: changes in muscle architecture. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 534, 613-623

Aarskog R., Wisnes A., Wilhelmsen K., Skogen A., and Bjordal J. (2012). Comparison of two resistance training protocols, 6RM versus 12RM, to increase the 1RM in healthy young adults. A single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Physiother. Res. Int. 17, 179-186

Abad C., Prado M., Ugrinowitsch C., Tricoli V., and Barroso R. (2011). Combination of general and specific warm-ups improves leg-press one repetition maximum compared with specific warm-up in trained individuals. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25, 2242-2245

Abramowitz J., Tolin D., and Street G. (2001). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression: a meta-analysis of controlled studies. Clinical Psychol. Review 21(5), 683-703

Ackland T., Elliot B., and Bloomfield J. (2008). Applied anatomy and biomechanics in sport. 2nd edition. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-0736063388

ACSM (2009). Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Position Stand of the American College of Sports Medicine. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41(3), 687-708

Adam A., and De Luca C. (2003). Recruitment order of motor units in human vastus lateralis muscle is maintained during fatiguing contractions. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 2919-2927

Adams G. (2010). The molecular response of skeletal muscle to resistance training. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 61(3), 61-67

Afonso J., Nikolaidis P., Sousa P., and Mesquita I. (2017). Is empirical research on periodization trustworthy? A comprehensive review of conceptual and methodological issues. J. Sports Sci. Med. 16, 27-34

Aguiar A., Buzzachera C., Pereira R., Sanches V. Januário R., da Silva R., Rabelo L., and de Oliveira Gil R. (2015). A single set of exhaustive exercise before resistance training improves muscular performance in young men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 115(7), 1589-1599

Aguilar A., Di Stefano L., Brown C., Herman D., Guskiewicz K., and Padua D. (2012). A dynamic warm-up model increases quadriceps strength and hamstring flexibility. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26, 1130-1141

Ahmetov I., Vinogradova O., and Williams A. (2012). Gene polymorphisms and fiber-type composition of human skeletal muscle. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 22, 292-303

Ahtiainen J., Pakarinen A., Alen M., Kraemer W., and Häkkinen K. (2003). Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 89, 555-563

Ahtiainen J., Pakarinen A., Alen M., Kraemer W., and Häkkinen K. (2005). Short vs. long rest period between the sets in hypertrophic resistance training: influence on muscle strength, size, and hormonal adaptations in trained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(3), 572-582

Ahtiainen J., Walker S., Peltonen H., Holviala J., Sillanpää E., Karavirta L., Sallinen J., Mikkola J., Valkeinen H., Mero A., Hulmi J., and Häkkinen K. (2016). Heterogeneity in resistance training-induced muscle strength and mass responses in men and women of different ages. Age 38, 10

Alderfer C. (1969). An empirical test of new theory of human need. Organ. Behav Hum. Perf. 4(1), 142-175

Allen M., Jones M., McCarthy P., Sheehan-Mansfield S., and Sheffield D. (2013). Emotions correlate with perceived mental effort and concentration disruption in adult sport performers. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 13(6), 697-706

Amireault S., Godin G., and Vezina-Im L. (2013). Determinants of physical activity maintenance: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Health Psychol. Review 7(1), 55-91

Amirthalingam T., Mavros Y., Wilson G., Clarke J., Mitchell L., and Hackett D. (2017). Effects of a modified German volume training program on muscular hypertrophy and strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001747

Angleri V., Ugrinowitsch C., and Libardi C. (2017). Crescent pyramid and drop-set systems do not promote greater strength gains, muscle hypertrophy, and changes on muscle architecture compared with traditional resistance training in well-trained men. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 117, 359-369

Appleby B., Newton R., and Cormie P. (2012). Changes in strength over a 2-year period in professional rugby union players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26(9), 2538-2546

Arem H., Moore S., Patel A., Hartge P., Berrington de Gonzalez A., Visvanathan K., Campbell P., Freedman M., Weiderpass E., Adami H., Linet M., Lee I., and Matthews C. (2015). Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Int. Med. 175(6), 959-967

Arent S., and Landers D. (2003). Arousal, anxiety, and performance: a reexamination of the inverted-U hypothesis. Res. Quarterly Exerc. Sport 74(4), 436-444

Arent S., Landers D., Matt K., and Etnier J. (2005). Dose-response and mechanistic issues in the resistance training and affect relationship. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 27, 92-110

Arnold B., and Schilling B. (2017). Evidence-based practice in sport and exercise: a guide to using research. F.A Davis Company. ISBN: 978-0803640283

Ashwell M., Gunn P., and Gibson S. (2012). Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity reviews 13, 275-286

Assefa S., Diaz-Abad M., Wickwire E., and Scharf S. (2015). The functions of sleep. Neuroscience 2(3), 155-171

Atkinson J. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review 64(6), 359-372

Baguet A., Everaert I., Hespel P., Petrovic M., Achten E., and Derave W. (2011). A new method for non-invasive estimation of human muscle fiber type composition. PLoS ONE 6(7), e21956

Baker J., Davies D., Cooper S., Wong D., Buchan D., and Kilgore L. (2013). Strength and body composition changes in recreationally strength-trained individuals: comparison of one versus three sets resistance-training programmes. BioMed Res. Int. 2013, 615901

Balshaw T., Massey G., Maden-Wilkinson T., Morales-Artacho A., McKeown A., Appleby C., and Folland J. (2017). Changes in agonist neural drive, hypertrophy and pre-training strength all contribute to the individual strength gains after resistance training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 117(4), 631-640

Bamman M., Newcomer B., Larson-Meyer D., Weinsier R., and Hunter G. (2000). Evaluation of the strength-size relationship in vivo using various muscle size indices. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32(7), 1307-1313

Banister E., Calvert T., Savage M., and Bach A. (1975). A system model of training for athletic performance. Australian J. Sports Med. 7, 170-176.

Baoutina A., Alexander I., Rasko J., and Emslie K. (2007). Potential use of gene transfer in athletic performance enhancement. Mol. Ther. 15, 1751-1766

Barnett A. (2006). Using recovery modalities between training sessions in elite athletes: does it help? Sports Med. 36(9), 781-796

Barnett C., Kippers V., and Turner P. (1995). Effects of variations of the bench press exercise on the EMG activity of five shoulder muscles. J. Strength Cond. Res. 9, 222-227

Bar-Or O., Dotan R., Inbar O., Rothstein A., Karlsson J., and Tesch P. (1980). Anaerobic capacity and muscle fiber type distribution in man. Int. J. Sports Med. 1, 82-85

Barroso R., Silva-Batista C., Tricoli V., Roschel H., and Ugrinowitsch C. (2013). The effects of different intensities and durations of the general warm-up on leg press 1RM. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27, 1009-1013

Bartholomew J., Stults-Kolehmainen M., Elrod C., and Todd J. (2008). Strength gains after resistance training: the effect of stressful, negative life events. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22(4), 1215-1221

Bauman A., Reis R., Sallis J., Wells J., Loos R., and Martin B. (2012). Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet 380(9838), 258-271

Bazyler C., Sato K., Wassinger C., Lamont H., and Stone M. (2014). The efficacy of incorporating partial squats in maximal strength training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28(11), 3024-3032

Beardsley C. (2016). Muscle fiber type. Strength and Conditioning Research. Available at: https://www.strengthandconditioningresearch.com/hypertrophy/muscle-fiber-type/#6

Beaumont C., Maynard I., and Butt J. (2015). Effective ways to develop and maintain robust sport-confidence: strategies advocated by sport psychology consultants. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 27(3), 301-318

Beedie C., and Foad A. (2009). The placebo effect in sports performance: a brief review. Sports Med. 39, 313-329

Beedie C., Terry P., and Lane A. (2000). The profile of mood states and athletic performance: two meta-analyses. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 12, 49-68

Behm D., Blazevich A., Kay A., and McHugh M. (2015). Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 41, 1-11

Behm D., Reardon G., Fitzgerald J., and Drinkwater E. (2002). The effect of 5, 10, and 20 repetition maximums on the recovery of voluntary and evoked contractile properties. J. Strength Cond. Res. 16, 209-218

Beltman J., de Haan A, Haan H., Gerrits H., van Mechelen W., and Sargeant A. (2004). Metabolically assessed muscle fibre recruitment in brief isometric contractions at different intensities. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 485-492

Bhasin S., Storer T., Berman N., Callegari C., Clevenger B., Phillips J., Bunnell T., Tricker R., Shirazi A., and Casaburi R. (1996). The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1-7

Bhasin S., Woodhouse L., and Storer T. (2001). Proof of the effect of testosterone on skeletal muscle. J. Endocrinol. 170, 27-38

Bickel C., Cross J., and Bamman M. (2011). Exercise dosing to retain resistance training adaptations in young and older adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 43(7), 1177-1187

Bickel C., Slade J., Mahoney E., Haddad F., Dudley G., and Adams G. (2005). Time course of molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to acute bouts of resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 98, 482-488

Biddle S., and Mutrie N. (2008). Psychology of physical activity. Determinants, well-being and interventions. 2nd edition. Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415366656

Biddle S., Bennie J., Bauman A., Chau J., Dunstan D., Owen N., Stamatakis E., and van Uffelen J. (2016). Too much sitting and all-cause mortality: is there a causal link? BMC Public Health 16, 635

Bieuzen F., Bleakley C., and Costello J. (2013). Contrast water therapy and exercise induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 8(4), 1-15

Birrer D., and Morgan G. (2010). Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete’s performance in high-intensity sports. Scand. J Med. Sci. Sports 20(S2), 78-87

Birrer D., Röthlin P., and Morgan G. (2012). Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness 3(3), 235-246

Bishop D. (2003). Warm up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Med. 33(6), 439-454

Bishop D. (2003b). Warm up II: performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up. Sports Med. 33(7), 483-498

Bishop P., Jones E., and Woods K. (2008). Recovery from training: a brief review. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22(3), 1015-1024

Biswas A., Oh P., Faulkner G., Bajaj R., Silver M., Mitchell M., and Alter D. (2015). Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Int. Med. 162, 123-132

Bloomquist K., Langberg H., Karlsen S., Madsgaard S., Boesen M., and Raastad T. (2013). Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 113(8), 2133-2142

Bogdanis G. (2012). Effects of physical activity and inactivity on muscle fatigue. Front. Physiol. 3, 142, 1-15

Bompa T., di Pasquale M., and Buzzichelli C. (2013). Serious strength training. 3rd Ed. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-1450422444

Bonafiglia J., Rotundo M., Whittall J., Scribbans T., Graham R., Gurd B. (2016). Inter-individual variability in the adaptive responses to endurance and sprint interval training: a randomized crossover study. PLoS ONE 11(12), e0167790.

Booth M., Bauman A., Owen N., and Gore C. (1997). Physical activity preferences, preferred sources of assistance, and perceived barriers to increased activity among physically inactive Australians. Prev. Med. 26, 131-137

Borde R., Hortobágyi T., and Granacher U. (2015). Dose-response relationships of resistance training in healthy old adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 45, 1693-1720

Bosquet L., Montpetit J., Arvisais D., and Mujika I. (2007). Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 39, 1358-1365

Bouchard C. (2012). Genomic predictors of trainability. Exper. Physiol. 97(3), 347-352

Brechue W., and Abe T. (2002). The role of FFM accumulation and skeletal muscle architecture in powerlifting performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 86, 327-336

Broatch J., Petersen A., and Bishop D. (2014). Postexercise cold water immersion benefits are not greater than the placebo effect. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 46(11), 2139-2147

Brooks K., and Brooks K. (2010). Enhancing sports performance through the use of music. JEPonline 13(2), 52-57

Brown J., Wickham J., McAndrew D., Huang X. (2007). Muscles within muscles: coordination of 19 muscle segments within three shoulder muscles during isometric motor tasks. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 17, 57-73

Brown L. (2017). Strength training. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-1492522089

Buck D., Hutchinson J., Winter C., and Thompson B. (2016). The effects of mental imagery with video-modeling on self-efficacy and maximal front squat ability. Sports 4, 23

Burd N., Andrews R., West D., Little J., Cochran A., Hector A., Cashaback J., Gibala M., Potvin J., Baker S., and Phillips S. (2012). Muscle time under tension during resistance exercise stimulates differential muscle protein sub-fractional synthetic responses in men. J. Physiol. 590, 351-362

Burd N., West D., Staples A., Atherton P., Baker J., Moore D., Holwerda A., Parise G., Renniew M., Baker S., and Phillips S. (2010). Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. PLoS ONE 5(8), e12033

Buresh R., Berg K., and French J. (2009). The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 23(1), 62-71

Burke L., Wang J., and Sevick M. (2012) Self-monitoring in weight loss: a systematic review of the literature. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 111(1), 92-102

Burton D., and Raedeke T. (2008). Sport psychology for coaches. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-0736039864

Burton D., and Weiss C. (2008). The fundamental goal concept: the path to process and performance success. In: Horn T. (2008). Advances in sport psychology. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-0736057356

Butler R., and Hardy L. (1992). The performance profile: theory and application. The Sport Psychologist 6, 253-264

Butt C. (2011). Your maximum muscular bodyweight and measurements. The WeighTrainer. Available at: http://www.weightrainer.net/potential.html

Buysse D., Reynolds III C., Monk T., Berman S., and Kupfer D. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. J. Psychiatric Res. 28(2), 193-213

Byrne C., and Eston R. (2002). Maximal-intensity isometric and dynamic exercise performance after eccentric muscle actions. J. Sports Sci. 20(12), 951-959

Byrne C., Twist C., and Eston R. (2004). Neuromuscular function after exercise-induced muscle damage theoretical and applied implications. Sports Med. 34(1), 49-69

Calatayud J., Vinstrup J., Jakobsen M., Sundstrup E., Brandt M., Jay K., Colado J., and Andersen L. (2016). Importance of mind-muscle connection during progressive resistance training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 23, 116(3), 527-533

Calculator.Net (2008). http://www.calculator.net/weight-loss-calculator.html

Calder A., Chilibeck P., Webber C., and Sale D. (1994). Comparison of whole and split weight training routines in young women. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 19(2), 185-199

Campos G., Luecke T., Wendeln H., Toma K., Hagerman F., Murray T., Ragg K., Ratamess N., Kraemer W., and Staron R. (2002). Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 88(1-2), 50-60

Canning K., Brown R., Jamnik V., Salmon A., Ardern C., and Kuk J. (2014). Individuals underestimate moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity. PLoS ONE 9(5), e97927

Cappuccio F., Taggart F., Kandala N., Currie A., Peile E., Stranges S., and Miller M. (2008). Metaanalysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 31, 619-626

Carney C., Buysse D., Ancoli-Israel S., Edinger J., Krystal A., Lichstein K., and Morin C. (2012). The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring. Sleep 35(2), 287-302

Carpinelli R. (2008). The size principle and a critical analysis of the unsubstantiated heavier-is-better recommendation for resistance training. J. Exerc. Sci. Fit. 6(2), 67-86

Carpinelli R. (2009). Challenging the American College of Sports Medicine 2009 position stand on resistance training. Med. Sport. 13, 131-137

Carpinelli R. (2011). Assessment of one repetition maximum (1RM) and 1RM prediction equations: are they really necessary? Med. Sport. 15(2), 91-102

Carpinelli R. (2012). Critical review of a meta-analysis for the effect of single and multiple sets of resistance training on strength gains. Med. Sport. 16(3), 122-130

Carpinelli R. (2013). Does the sequence of exercise in a resistance training session affect strength gains and muscular hypertrophy? A critical examination of the evidence. Med. Sport. 17(1), 40-53

Carpinelli R., and Otto R. (1998). Strength training. Single versus multiple sets. Sports Med. 26(2), 73-84

Carpinelli R., Otto R., and Winnet R. (2004). A critical analysis of the ACSM position stand on resistance training: insufficient evidence to support recommended training protocols. JEPonline 7(3), 1-60

Carraro N., and Gaudreau P. (2013). Spontaneous and experimentally induced action planning and coping planning for physical activity: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 14(2), 228-248

Carter J., Potter A., and Brooks K. (2014). Overtraining syndrome: causes, consequences, and methods for prevention. J. Sport Human Perf. 2(1), 1-14

Carter L., and Heath B. (1990). Somatotyping: development and applications. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521351171

Chestnut J., and Docherty D. (1999). The effects of 4 and 10 repetition maximum weight-training protocols on neuromuscular adaptations in untrained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 13(4), 353-359

Cheung K., Hume P., and Maxwell L. (2003). Delayed onset muscle soreness treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med. 33, 145-164

Chiu L., and Barnes J. (2003). The fitness-fatigue model revisited: implications for planning short- and long-term training. Strength Cond. J. 25(6), 42-51

Chtourou H., and Souissi N. (2012). The effect of training at a specific time of day: a review. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26(7), 1984-2005

Ciccolo J., Carr L. J., Krupel K., and Longval J. (2010). The role of resistance training in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 4(4), 293e308

Cissik J., Hedrick A., and Barnes M. (2008). Challenges applying research on periodization. Strength Cond. J. 30, 45-51

Claessens B., van Eerde W., Rutte C., and Roe R. (2007). A review of the time management literature. Personnel Review 36 (2), 255-276

Clancy R., Herring M., and Campbell M. (2017). Motivation measures in sport: a critical review and bibliometric analysis. Frontiers Psychol. 8, 348

Clarke D., and Skiba P. (2013). Rationale and resources for teaching the mathematical modeling of athletic training and performance. Adv. Physiol. Educ. 37, 134-152

Clarkson P., Johnson J., Dextradeur D., Leszczynski W., Wai J., and Melchionda A. (1982). The relationships among isokinetic endurance, initial strength level, and fiber type. Res. Quart. Exrc. Sport 53(1), 15-19

Cochrane D. (2004). Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete recovery: a review. Phys. Ther. Sport 5, 26-32

Coleman R., and Berg M. (2007). Hardcore. Weider publications LLC. ISBN: 978-1572439733

Collomp K., Baillot A., Forget H., Coquerel A., Rieth N., and Vibarel-Rebot N. (2016). Altered diurnal pattern of steroid hormones in relation to various behaviors, external factors and pathologies: a review. Physiol. Behav. 164(Pt A), 68-85

Coratella G., and Schena F. (2016). Eccentric resistance training increases and retains maximal strength, muscle endurance, and hypertrophy in trained men. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 41(11), 1184-1189

Cotterill S. (2010). Pre-performance routines in sport: current understanding and future directions. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 3, 132-154

Counts B., Buckner S., Dankel S., Jessee M., Mattocks K., Mouser J., Laurentino G., and Loenneke J. (2014). The acute and chronic effects of “no load” resistance training. Physiol. Behavior 164, 345-352

Coutts A., Murphy A., and Dascombe B. (2004). Effect of direct supervision of a strength coach on measures of muscular strength and power in young rugby league players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18, 316-323

Cowden R. (2017). Mental toughness and success in sport: a review and prospect. Open Sports Sci. J. 10, 1-14

Crameri R., Aagaard P., Qvortrup K., Langberg H., Olesen J., and Kjær M. (2007). Myofibre damage in human skeletal muscle: effects of electrical stimulation versus voluntary contraction. J. Physiol. 583(1), 365-380

Crewther B., Heke T., and Keogh J. (2016). The effects of two equal-volume training protocols upon strength, body composition and salivary hormones in male rugby union players. Biol. Sport 33, 111-116

Cribb P., and Hayes A. (2006). Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38(11), 1918-1925

Crinnion W. (2011). Sauna as a valuable clinical tool for cardiovascular, autoimmune, toxicant-induced and other chronic health problems. Altern. Med. Rev. 16(3), 215-225

Crust L., and Azadi K. (2010). Mental toughness and athletes' use of psychological strategies. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 10(1). 43-51

CSEP (2002). The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. www.csep.ca/CMFiles/publications/parq/par-q.pdf

Csikszentmihalyi M. (2008). Flow: the psychology of optimal experience. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. ISBN: 978-0061339202

Cumming J. and Ramsey R. (2009). Imagery interventions in sport. In: Mellalieu S., and Hanton S. (Eds) (2009). Advances in applied sport psychology: a review. Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415577021

Dahmane R., Djordjevič S., Šimunič B., and Valenčič V. (2005). Spatial fiber type distribution in normal human muscle Histochemical and tensiomyographical evaluation. J. Biomechanics 38, 2451-2459

Damas F., Phillips S., Libardi C., Vechin F., Lixandrão M., Jannig R., Costa L., Bacurau A., Snijders T., Parise G., Tricoli V., Roschel H., and Ugrinowitsch C. (2016). Resistance training-induced changes in integrated myofibrillar protein synthesis are related to hypertrophy only after attenuation of muscle damage. J. Physiol. 594(18), 5209-5222

Damas F., Phillips S., Vechin F., and Ugrinowitsch C. (2015). A review of resistance training-induced changes in skeletal muscle protein synthesis and their contribution to hypertrophy. Sports Med. 45, 801-807

Dankel S., Mattocks K., Jessee M., Buckner S., Mouser J., Counts B., Laurentino G, and Loenneke J. (2017). Frequency: the overlooked resistance training variable for inducing muscle hypertrophy? Sports Med. 47(5), 799-805

Davidsen P., Gallagher I., Hartman J., Tarnopolsky M., Dela F., Helge J., Timmons J., and Phillips S. (2011). High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression. J. Appl. Physiol. 110, 309-317

Davies K. (2016). Adaptive homeostasis. Molecular Aspects of Med. 49, 1-7

Davies T., Kuang K., Orr R., Halaki M., and Hackett D. (2017). Effect of movement velocity during resistance training on dynamic muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 47(8), 1603-1617

Davies T., Orr R., Halaki M., and Hackett D. (2016). Effect of training leading to repetition failure on muscular strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 46, 487-502

de Franca H., Branco P., Guedes Junior D., Gentil P., Steele J., and Teixeira C. (2015). The effects of adding single-joint exercises to a multi-joint exercise resistance training program on upper body muscle strength and size in trained men. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 40(8), 822-826

de Salles B., Polito M., Goessler K., Mannarino P., Matta T., and Simão R. (2016). Effects of fixed vs. selfsuggested rest between sets in upper and lower body exercises performance. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 16(8), 927-931

de Salles B., Simão R., Miranda F., da Silva Novaes J., Lemos A., and Willardson J. (2009). Rest interval between sets in strength training. Sports Med. 39(9), 765-777

de Salles B., Simão R., Miranda H., Bottaro M., Fontana F., and Willardson J. (2010). Strength increases in upper and lower body are larger with longer inter-set rest intervals in trained men. J. Sci. Med. Sport 13, 424-433

de Souza Nery S., Gomides R., Vieira da Silva G., de Moraes Forjaz C., Mion D. Jr, and Tinucci T. (2010). Intra-arterial blood pressure response in hypertensive subjects during low- and high-intensity resistance exercise. Clinics 65, 271-277

de Souza T., Fleck S., Simão R., Dubas J., Pereira B., de Brito Pacheco E., da Silva A., and de Oliveira P. (2010). Comparison between constant and decreasing rest intervals: influence on maximal strength and hypertrophy. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24(7), 1843-1850

de Souza-Teixeira F., and de Paz A. (2012). Eccentric resistance training and muscle hypertrophy. J. Sport Med. Doping Studies S1, 004

Deci E. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. J. Personality Social Psychol. 18(1), 105-115

Deci E., and Ryan R. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: self-determination in personality. J. Res. Personal. 19, 109-134

DeWeese B., Hornsby G., Stone M., and Stone M. (2015). The training process: planning for strength-power training in track and field. Part 1: theoretical aspects. J. Sport Health Sci. 4, 308-317

Dickerson J., and Widdowson E. (1960). Chemical changes in skeletal muscle during development. Bioch. 74, 247-257

Diver M., Imtiaz K., Ahmad A., Vora J., and Fraser W. (2003). Diurnal rhythms of serum total, free and bioavailable testosterone and of SHBG in middle-aged men compared with those in young men. Clinical Endocrinology 58, 710-717

Dodds R., Syddall H., Cooper R., Benzeval M., Deary I., Dennison E., Der G., Gale C., Inskip H., Jagger C., Kirkwood T., Lawlor D., Robinson S., Starr J., Steptoe A., Tilling K., Kuh D., Cooper C., and Sayer A. (2014). Grip strength across the life course: normative data from twelve British studies. PLoS ONE 9(12), e113637

Doran G. (1981). There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives. Management Review. AMA FORUM 70(11), 35-36

Dreyer H., Fujita S., Cadenas J., Chinkes D., Volpi E., and Rasmussen B. (2006). Resistance exercise increases AMPK activity and reduces 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 576, 613-624

Drinkwater E., Lawton T., McKenna M., Lindsell R., Hunt P., and Pyne D. (2007). Increased number of forced repetitions does not enhance strength development with resistance training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21(3), 841-847

Durand-Bush N., Salmela J., and Green-Demers I. (2001). The Ottawa mental skills assessment tool (OMSAT-3). The Sport Psychologist 15, 1-19

Egan B., and Zierath, J. (2013). Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation. Cell Metabolism 17, 162-184

Elliot A., and McGregor H. (2001). A 2x2 achievement goal framework. J. Personality Social Psychol. 80(3), 501-519

Elliot A., Murayama K., and Pekrun R. (2011). A 3 x 2 achievement goal model. J. Educational Psychol. 103(3), 632-648

Enoka R., and Duchateau J. (2015). Inappropriate interpretation of surface EMG signals and muscle fiber characteristics impedes understanding of the control of neuromuscular function. J. Appl. Physiol. 119(12), 1516-1518

Enoka R., and Duchateau J. (2017). Rate coding and the control of muscle force. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 7, a029702

Ericsson K., Krampe R., and Tesch-Römer C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review 100, 363-406

Erskine R., Fletcher G., and Folland J. (2014). The contribution of muscle hypertrophy to strength changes following resistance training. Eur. J Appl. Physiol. 114, 1239-1249

Fabbri E., An Y., Gonzalez-Freire M., Zoli M., Maggio M., Studenski S., Egan J., Chia C., and Ferrucci L. (2016). Bioavailable testosterone linearly declines over a wide age spectrum in men and women from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 71(9), 1202-1209

Fairchild T., Fletcher S., Steele P., Goodman C., Dawson B., and Fournier P. (2002). Rapid carbohydrate loading after a short bout of near maximal-intensity exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34(6), 980-986

Feltz D. (1988). Self-confidence and sports performance. Exerc. Sport Sci. Reviews 16, 423-457

Feltz D. (2007). Self-confidence and sports performance. In Smith D., and Bar-Eli M. (Eds.) (2009). Essential readings in sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-0736057677

Ferrara M., and de Gennaro L. (2001). How much sleep do we need? Sleep Med. Rev. 5(2), 155-179

Filby W., Maynard I., and Graydon J. (1999). The effect of multiple-goal strategies on performance outcomes in training and competition. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 11, 230-246

Fink J., Kikuchi N., and Nakazato K. (2016b). Effects of rest intervals and training loads on metabolic stress and muscle hypertrophy. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12409

Fink J., Kikuchi N., Yoshida S., Terada K., and Nakazato K. (2016a). Impact of high versus low fixed loads and non-linear training loads on muscle hypertrophy, strength and force development. SpringerPlus 5, 698

Fink J., Schoenfeld B., Kikuchi N., and Nakazato K. (2017a). Acute and long-term responses to different rest intervals in low-load resistance training. Int. J. Sports Med. 38(2), 118-124

Fink J., Schoenfeld B., Kikuchi N., and Nakazato K. (2017b). Effects of drop set resistance training on acute stress indicators and long-term muscle hypertrophy and strength. J. Sports Med. Physical Fitness. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06838-4

Finn H., Brennan S., Gonano B., Knox M., Ryan R., Siegler J., and Marshall P. (2014). Muscle activation does not increase after a fatigue plateau is reached during 8 sets of resistance exercise in trained individuals. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28(5), 1226-1234

Fisher J., Carlson L., and Steele J. (2016). The effects of breakdown set resistance training on muscular performance and body composition in young men and women. J. Strength Cond. Res. 30(5), 1425-1432

Fisher J., Carlson L., Steele J., and Smith D. (2014). The effects of pre-exhaustion, exercise order, and rest intervals in a full-body resistance training intervention. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 39(11), 1265-1270

Fisher J., Steele J., and Smith D. (2013). Evidence-based resistance training recommendations for muscular hypertrophy. Med. Sport. 17 (4), 217-235

Fisher J., Steele J., Bruce-Low S., and Smith D. (2011). Evidence-based resistance training recommendations. Med. Sport. 15(3), 147-162

Fiuza-Luces C., Garatachea N., Berger N., and Lucia A. (2013). Exercise is the real polypill. Physiol. 28, 330-358

Flann K., LaStayo P., McClain D., Hazel M., and Lindstedt S. (2011). Muscle damage and muscle remodeling: no pain, no gain? J. Exper. Biology 214, 674-679

Fleck S., and Kraemer W. (2014). Designing resistance training programs. 4th ed. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-0736081702

Fleig L., Pomp S., Parschau L., Barz M., Lange D., Schwarzer R., and Lippke S. (2013). From intentions via planning and behavior to physical exercise habits. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 14(5), 632-639

Flex (2010). Huge. A complete workout regimen from bodybuilding’s superstars. Weider publications L.L.C. ISBN: 978-1600784323

Fogarty T. (1997). Measurements of Mr America winners. Available at: http://www.musclememory.com/articles/MrAsizes.html

Folland J., and Williams A. (2007). The adaptations to strength training morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength. Sports Med. 37(2), 145-168

Fonseca R., Roschel H., Tricoli V., de Souza E., Wilson J., Laurentino G., Aihara A., de Souza Leao A. and Ugrinowitsch C. (2014). Changes in exercises are more effective than in loading schemes to improve muscle strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28(11), 3085-3092

Forbes R., Cooper A., and Mitchell H. (1953). The composition of the adult human body as determined by chemical analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 203, 359-366

Ford E., Zhao G., Tsai J., and Li C. (2011). Low-Risk lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey III mortality study. Am. J. Public Health. 101(10), 1922-1929

Fowles J., MacDougall J., Tarnopolsky M., Sale D., Roy B., and Yarasheski K. (2000). The effects of acute passive stretch on muscle protein synthesis in humans. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 25(3), 165-180

Franchi M., Atherton P., Reeves N., Flück M., Williams J., Mitchell W., Selby A., Beltran Valls R., and Narici M. (2014). Architectural, functional and molecular responses to concentric and eccentric loading in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol. (Oxf) 210(3), 642-654

Friedmann-Bette B., Bauer T., Kinscherf R., Vorwald S., Klute K., Bischoff D., Muller H., Weber M., Metz J, Kauczor H., Bartsch P., and Billeter R. (2010). Effects of strength training with eccentric overload on muscle adaptation in male athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 108, 821-836

Fröhlich M., Emrich E., and Schmidtbleicher D. (2010). Outcome effects of single-set versus multiple-set training-an advanced replication study. Res. Sports Med. 18, 157-175

Fröhlich M., Faude O., Klein M., Pieter A., Emrich E., and Meyer T. (2014). Strength training adaptations after cold-water immersion. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28(9), 2628-2633

Frost D., Cronin J., and Newton R. (2010). A biomechanical evaluation of resistance; fundamental concepts for training and sports performance. Sports Med. 40, 303-326

Fry A. (2004). The role of resistance exercise intensity on muscle fibre adaptations. Sports Med. 34(10), 663-679

Fry A., Housh T., Cramer J., Weir J., Beck T., Schilling B., Miller J., and Nicoll J. (2017). Non-invasive assessment of skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain expression in trained and untrained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 31(9), 2355-2362

Fry A., Ryan A., Schwab R., Powell D., and Kraemer W. (1991). Anthropometric characteristics as discriminators of body‐building success. J. Sports Sci. 9(1), 23-32

Fry A., Schilling B., Staron R., Hagerman F., Hikida R., and Thrush J. (2003). Muscle fiber characteristics and performance correlates of male Olympic-style weightlifters. J. Strength Cond. Res. 17(4), 746-754

Fujita S., Abe T., Drummond M., Cadenas J., Dreyer H., Sato Y., Volpi E., and Rasmussen B. (2007). Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 103, 903-910

Fukunaga T., Miyatani M., Tachi M., Kouzaki M., Kawakami Y., and Kanehisa H. (2001). Muscle volume is a major determinant of joint torque in humans. Acta Physiol. Scand. 172(4), 249-255

Fullagar H., Skorski S., Duffield R., Hammes D., Coutts A., and Meyer T. (2015). Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Med. 45, 161-186

Gabbett T. (2016). The training-injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder? Br. J. Sports Med. 50(5), 273-280

Garthe I., Raastad T., Refsnes P., Koivisto A., and Sundgot-Borgen J. (2011). Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 21(2), 97-104

Gayton W., Loignon A., and Porta W. (2016). Exercise dependence: the dark side of exercise. Annals Sports Med. Res. 3(7), 1085

Gentil P., and Bottaro M. (2010). Influence of supervision ratio on muscle adaptations to resistance training in nontrained subjects. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24(3), 639-643

Gentil P., Arruda A., Souza D., Giessing J., Paoli A., Fisher J., and Steele J. (2017b). Is there any practical application of meta-analytical results in strength training? Front. Physiol. 8, 1

Gentil P., Fisher J., and Steele J. (2017a). A review of the acute effects and long-term adaptations of single- and multi-joint exercises during resistance training. Sports Med. 47(5), 843-855

Gentil P., Soares S., and Bottaro M. (2015). Single vs. multi-joint resistance exercises: effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Asian J. Sports Med. 6(2), e24057

Gentil P., Soares S., Pereira M., Cunha R., Martorelli S., Martorelli A., and Bottaro M. (2013). Effect of adding single-joint exercises to a multi-joint exercise resistance-training program on strength and hypertrophy in untrained subjects. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 38(3), 341-344

Gibala M., Interisano S., Tarnopolsky M., Roy B., MacDonald J., Yarasheski K., and MacDougall J. (2000) Myofibrillar disruption following acute concentric and eccentric resistance exercise in strength-trained men. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 78, 656-661

Giechaskiel B. (2002). Natural bodybuilding: theory (in Greek). Malliaris Paedia. ISBN: 978-9602395680

Giechaskiel B. (2003). Natural bodybuilding: exercises (in Greek). Malliaris Paedia. ISBN: 978-9602396377

Giechaskiel B. (2007). A practical guide to training and nutrition (in Greek). Malliaris Paedia. ISBN: 978-9604570799

Giessing J., Eichmann B., Steele J., and Fisher J. (2016a). A comparison of low volume ‘high-intensity-training’ and high volume traditional resistance training methods on muscular performance, body composition, and subjective assessments of training. Biology of Sport 33(3), 241-249

Giessing J., Fisher J., Steel J., Rothe F., Raubold K., and Eichman B. (2016b). The effects of low volume resistance training with and without advanced techniques in trained participants. J. Sports Med. Physical Fitness 56(3), 249-258

Gillet N., Vallerand R., and Paty B. (2013). Situational motivational profiles and performance with elite performers. J. Appl. Social Psychol. 43(6), 1200-1210

Gilliver S., Degens H., Rittweger J., Sargeant A. and Jones D. (2009). Variation in the determinants of power of chemically skinned human muscle fibres. Exp. Physiol. 94(10), 1070-1078

Gleeson M. (2007). Immune function in sport and exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 693-699

Gneezy U., Meier S., and Rey-Biel P. (2011). When and why incentives (don’t) work to modify behavior. J. Economic Perspectives 25 (4), 191-209

Goessler K., and Polito M. (2013). Effect of fixed and self-suggested rest intervals between sets of resistance exercise on post- exercise cardiovascular behavior. Rev. Bras. Kineanthropom. Hum. Perf. 15(4), 467-475

Goforth H. Jr., Arnall D., Bennett B., and Law P. (1997). Persistence of supercompensated muscle glycogen in trained subjects after carbohydrate loading. J. Appl. Physiol. 82, 342-347

Goforth H. Jr., Laurent D., Prusaczyk W., Schneider K., Petersen K., and Shulman G. (2003). Effects of depletion exercise and light training on muscle glycogen supercompensation in men. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 285, E1304-E1311

Goldstone B. (1952). The general practitioner and the general adaptation syndrome. S. Afr. Med. J. 26(6), 88-92 and 106-109

Gorban A., Tyukina T., Smirnova E., and Pokidysheva (2016). Evolution of adaptation mechanisms: adaptation energy, stress, and oscillating death. J. Theoretical Biology 405, 127-139

Goto K., Ishii N., Kizuka T., and Takamatsu K. (2005). The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(6), 955-963

Goto K., Nagasawa M., Yanagisawa O., Kizuka T., Ishii N., and Takamatsu K. (2004). Muscular adaptations to combinations of high- and low-intensity resistance exercises. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18, 730-737

Goto M., Hamaoka T., Maeda C., Hirayama T., Nirengi S., Kurosawa Y., Nagano A., and Terada S. (2017). Partial range of motion exercise is effective for facilitating muscle hypertrophy and function via sustained intramuscular hypoxia in young trained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002051

Greaves C., Sheppard K., Abraham C., Hardeman W., Roden M., Evans P., Schwarz P., and IMAGE group (2011). Systematic review of reviews of intervention components associated with increased effectiveness in dietary and physical activity interventions. BMC Public Health 11, 119

Green H., Goreham C., Ouyang J., Ball-Burnett M., and Ranney D. (1998). Regulation of fiber size, oxidative potential, and capillarization in human muscle by resistance exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 45), R591-R596

Gremeaux V., Gayda M., Lepers R., Sosner P., Juneau M., and Nigam A. (2012). Exercise and longevity. Maturitas 73, 312-317

Grgic J., Lazinica B., Mikulic P., Krieger J., and Schoenfeld B. (2017b): The effects of short versus long inter-set rest intervals in resistance training on measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 17(8), 983-993

Grgic J., Mikulic P, Podnar H., and Pedisic Z. (2017a), Effects of linear and daily undulating periodized resistance training programs on measures of muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 5, e3695

Grove J., and Prapavessis H. (1992). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated Profile of Mood States. Int. J. Sport Psychol. 23, 93-109

Gucciardi D. (2017). Mental toughness: progress and prospects. Current Opinion Psychol. 16, 17-23

Gustafsson H., DeFreese J., and Madigan D. (2017). Athlete burnout: review and recommendations. Current Opinion Psychol. 16, 109-113

Hackett D., Johnson N., and Chow C. (2013). Training practices and ergogenic aids used by male bodybuilders. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27(6), 1609-1617

Hackett D., and Amirthalingam T. (2015). A brief review of forced repetitions for the promotion of muscular hypertrophy. Strength Cond. J. 37(5), 14-20

Haddad F., and Adams G. (2002). Acute cellular and molecular responses to resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 394-403

Haff G., and Triplett T. (2016). Essentials of strength training and conditioning. 4th ed. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-1492501626

Haff G., Hobbs R., Haff E., Sands W., Pierce K., and Stone M. (2008). Cluster training: a novel method for introducing training program variation. Strength Cond. J. 30(1), 67-76

Haff G., Lehmkuhl M., McCoy L., and Stone M. (2003). Carbohydrate supplementation and resistance training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 17(1), 187-196

Hagberg L., Lindahl B., Nyberg L., and Hellénius M. (2009). Importance of enjoyment when promoting physical exercise. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 19(5), 740-747

Hagger M., Hein V., and Chatzisarantis N. (2011). Achievement goals, physical self-concept, and social physique anxiety in a physical activity context. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 41, 1299-1339

Häkkinen K., and Pakarinen A. (1991). Serum hormones in male strength athletes during intensive short term strength training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 63, 194-199

Hale B., Roth A., DeLong R., and Briggs M. (2010). Exercise dependence and the drive for muscularity in male bodybuilders, power lifters, and fitness lifters. Body Image 7, 234-239

Hall K. (2008). What is the required energy deficit per unit weight loss? Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 32(3), 573-576

Halliwill J., Buck T., Lacewell A., and Romero S. (2013). Postexercise hypotension and sustained postexercise vasodilatation: what happens after we exercise? Exper. Physiol. 98(1), 7-18

Halson S. (2014). Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Med. 44(S2), 139-147

Halson S. (2014). Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep. Sports Med. 44(S1), S13-S23

Haney L., and Rosenthal J. (1993). Lee Haney's ultimate bodybuilding book. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN: 978-0312093228

Hanin Y. (2007) Emotions in sport: current issues and perspectives. In: Tenenbaum G., and Eklund R. (eds) (2007). Handbook of sport psychology, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 9780471738114

Hansen B., Asp S., Kiens B., and Richter E. (1999). Glycogen concentration in human skeletal muscle: effect of prolonged insulin and glucose infusion. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 9(4), 209-213

Harber M., and Trappe S. (2008). Single muscle fiber contractile properties of young competitive distance runners. J. Appl. Physiol. 105, 629-636

Harber M., Fry A., Rubin M., Smith J., and Weiss L. (2004). Skeletal muscle and hormonal adaptations to circuit weight training in untrained men. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 14(3), 176-185

Hardy J., Oliver E., and Tod D. (2009). A framework for the study and application of self-talk in sport. In: Mellalieu S., and Hanton S. (Eds.) (2009). Advances in applied sport psychology: a review. Routledge ISBN: 978-0415577021

Harkin B., Webb T., Chang B., Prestwich A., Conner M., Kellar I., Benn Y., and Sheeran P. (2016). Does monitoring goal progress promote goal attainment? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin 142(2), 198-229

Harries S., Lubans D., and Callister R. (2015). Systematic review and meta-analysis of linear and undulating periodized resistance training programs on muscular strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29(4), 1113-1125

Hartman M., Clark B., Bemben D., Kilgore L., and Bemben M. (2007). Comparisons between twice-daily and once-daily training sessions in male weight lifters. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Performance 2, 159-169

Hatzigeorgiadis A., and Galanis E. (2017). Self-talk effectiveness and attention. Current Opinion Psychol. 16, 138-142

Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., and Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-talk and sports performance: a meta-analysis. Persp. Psychological Sci. 6(4), 348-356

Hausenblas H., and Symons Downs D. (2000). How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychol. Health 17, 387-404

Hayes L., Bickerstaff G., and Baker J. (2010). Interactions of cortisol, testosterone, and resistance training: influence of circadian rhythms. Chronobiology International 27(4), 675-705

Hays K., Maynard I., Thomas O., and Bawden M. (2007). Sources and types of confidence identified by world class sports performers. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 19(4), 434-456

Healy M., Gibney J., Pentecost C., Wheeler M., and Sonksen P. (2014). Endocrine profiles in 693 elite athletes in the postcompetition setting. Clinical Endocrin. 81, 294-305

Hedayatpour N., and Falla D. (2012). Non-uniform muscle adaptations to eccentric exercise and the implications for training and sport. J. Electromyography Kinesiol. 22(3), 329-333

Hedley A., Climstein M., and Hansen R. (2002). The effects of acute heat exposure on muscular strength, muscular endurance, and muscular power in the euhydrated athlete. J. Strength Cond. Res. 16, 353-358

Hellard P., Avalos M., Lacoste L., Barale F., Chatard J,. and Millet G. (2006). Assessing the limitations of the Banister model in monitoring training. J. Sports Sci. 24(5), 509-520

Hellsten L. (2012). What do we know about time management? a review of the literature and a psychometric critique of instruments assessing time management. In: Stoilov T. (Ed.) (2012). Time management. InTech. ISBN: 978-9535103356. Available at: www.intechopen.com

Helms E., Fitschen P., Aragon A., Cronin J., and Schoenfeld B. (2015). Recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: resistance and cardiovascular training. J. Sports Med. Physical Fitness 55(3), 164-178

Henselmans M., and Schoenfeld B. (2014). The effect of inter-set rest intervals on resistance exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med. 44(12), 1635-1643

Herbert R., de Noronha M., and Kamper S. (2011). Stretching to prevent or reduce muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database of System. Rev. 4, CD004577

Heymsfield S., Gonzalez C., Shen W., Redman L., and Thomas D. (2014). Weight loss composition is one-fourth fat-free mass: a critical review and critique of this widely cited rule. Obes. Rev. 15(4), 310-321

Hildebrandt T., Langenbucher J., and Schlundt D. (2004). Muscularity concerns among men: development of attitudinal and perceptual measures. Body Image 1, 169-181

Hodgdon J., and Beckett M. (1984a). Prediction of percent body fat for U.S. Navy men from body circumferences and height. Report No. 84-11, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA

Hodgdon J., and Beckett M. (1984b). Prediction of percent body fat for U.S. Navy women from body circumferences and height. Report No. 84-29, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA

Hohenauer E., Taeymans J., Baeyens J., Clarys P., and Clijsen R. (2015). The effect of post-exercise cryotherapy on recovery characteristics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10(9), e0139028

Holliday B., Burton D., Sun G., Hammermeister J., Naylor S, and Freigang D. (2008) Building the better mental training mousetrap: is periodization a more systematic approach to promoting performance excellence? J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 20(2), 199-219

Holm L., Reitelseder S., Pedersen T., Doessing S., Petersen S., Flyvbjerg A., Andersen J., Aagaard P., and Kjaer M. (2008). Changes in muscle size and MHC composition in response to resistance exercise with heavy and light loading intensity. J. Appl. Physiol. 105, 1454-1461

Holm L., van Hall G., Rose A., Miller B., Doessing S., Richter E., and Kjaer M. (2010). Contraction intensity and feeding affect collagen and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates differently in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 298, E257-E269

Holmes P., and Collins D. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 13, 60-83

Hortobagyi T., Houmard J., Stevenson J., Fraser D., Johns R., and Israel R. (1993). The effects of detraining on power athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25, 929-935

Howatson G., and van Someren K. (2008). The prevention and treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med. 38(6), 483-503

Hsu F., Lenchik L., Nicklas B., Lohman K., Register T., Mychaleckyj J., Langefeld C., Freedman B., Bowden D., and Carr J. (2005). Heritability of body composition measured by DXA in the diabetes heart study. Obes. Res. 13(2), 312-319

Huang C., Webb H., Zourdos M., and Acevedo E. (2013) Cardiovascular reactivity, stress, and physical activity. Front. Physiol. 4, 314

Hubal M., Gordish-Dressman H., Thompson P., Price T., Hoffman E., Angelopoulos T., Gordon P., Moyna N., Pescatello L., Visich P., Zoeller R., Seip R., and Clarkson P. (2005). Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 37(6), 964-972

Hunter G., Brock D., Byrne N., Chandler-Laney P., Del Corral P., and Gower B. (2010). Exercise training prevents regain of visceral fat for 1 year following weight loss. Obesity 18, 690-695

Ide B., Leme T., Lopes C., Moreira A., Dechechi C., Sarraipa M., da Mota G., Brenzikofer R., and Macedo D. (2011). Time course of strength and power recovery after resistance training with different movement velocities. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25(7), 2025-2033

Isner-Horobeti M., Dufour S., Vautravers P., Geny B., Coudeyre E., and Richard R. (2013). Eccentric exercise training: modalities, applications and perspectives. Sports Med. 43(6), 483-512

Issurin V. (2010). New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Med. 40(3), 189-206

Issurin V. (2016). Benefits and limitations of block periodized training approaches to athletes’ preparation: a review. Sports Med. 46(3), 329-338

Ivarsson A., Johnson U., Andersen M., Tranaeus U., Stenling A., and Lindwall M. (2017). Psychosocial factors and sport injuries: meta-analyses for prediction and prevention. Sports Med. 47, 353-365

Ivy J. (2004). Regulation of muscle glycogen repletion, muscle protein synthesis and repair following exercise. J. Sports Sci. Med. 3, 131-138

Izquierdo M., Ibanez J., Gonzalez-Badillo J., Häkkinen K., Ratamess N., Kraemer W., French D., Eslava J., Altadill A., Asiain X., and Gorostiaga E. (2006). Differential effects of strength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength and muscle power increases. J. Appl. Physiol. 100, 1647-1656

Jackson E., and Dishman R. (2006). Cardiorespiratory fitness and laboratory stress: a meta-regression analysis. Psychophysiology 43, 57-72

Janssen I., Heymsfield S., Wang Z., and Ross R. (2000). Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr. J. Appl. Physiol. 89, 81–88

Jeffrey I. (2005). A multidimensional approach to enhancing recovery. Strength Cond. J. 27(5), 78-85

Jekauc D., Völkle M., Wagner M., Mess O., Reiner M., and Renner B. (2015). Prediction of attendance at fitness center: a comparison between theory of planned behavior, social cognitive theory, and physical activity maintenance theory. Front. Psychol. 6, 121

Jenkins N., Housh T., Bergstrom H., Cochrane K., Hill E., Smith C., Johnson G., Schmidt R., and Cramer J (2015). Muscle activation during three sets to failure at 80 vs. 30 % 1RM resistance exercise. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 115(11), 2335-2347

Johns D., Hartmann-Boyce J., Jebb S., and Aveyard P. (2014). Diet or exercise interventions vs combined behavioral weight management programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparisons. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 114, 1557-1568

Johnston B. (2013). Prescribed exercise. 6th ed. Exercise Education Inc.

Jones G., Hanton S., and Connaughton D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist 21, 243-264

Jones M. (2003). Controlling emotions in sport. The Sport Psychologist 17, 471-486

Jones M., Meijen C., McCarthy P., and Sheffield D. (2009). A theory of challenge and threat states in athletes. Int. Review Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2, 161-180

Jones N., Kiely J., Suraci B., Collins D., de Lorenzo D., Pickering C., and Grimaldi K. (2016). A genetic-based algorithm for personalized resistance-training. Biology Sport 33(2), 117-126

Judelson D., Maresh C., Anderson J., Armstrong L., Casa D., Kraemer W., and Volek J. (2007). Hydration and muscular performance: does fluid balance affect strength, power and high‐intensity endurance? Sports Med. 37(10), 907-921

Junior M., Berton R., de Souza T., Chacon-Mikahil M., and Cavaglieri C. (2017). Effect of the flexibility training performed immediately before resistance training on muscle hypertrophy, maximum strength and flexibility. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 117(4), 767-774

Kalasountas V., Reed J., and Fitzpatrick J. (2007). The effect of placebo-induced changes in expectancies on maximal force production in college students. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 19(1), 116-124

Kamen G., and Knight (2004). Training-related adaptations in motor unit discharge rate in young and older adults. J. Gerontology: Med. Sci. 59A(12), 1334-1338

Karageorghis C., and Terry P. (2009). The psychological, psychophysical and ergogenic effects of music in sport: a review and synthesis. In: Bateman A., and Bale J. (Eds.) (2009). Sporting sounds: relationships between sport and music. Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415566131

Katzmarzyk P. (2010). Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and health: paradigm paralysis or paradigm shift? Diabetes 59, 2717-2725

Kay A., and Blazevich A. (2012). Effect of acute static stretch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44(1), 154-164

Kelley G. (1996). Mechanical overload and skeletal muscle fiber hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(4), 1584-1588

Kellmann M., and Kallus K. (2001). Recovery-stress questionnaire for athletes: user manual. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-0736037761

Kenny G., Reardon F., Zaleski W., Reardon M., Haman F., and Ducharme M. (2003). Muscle temperature transients before, during, and after exercise measured using an intramuscular multisensor probe. J. Appl. Physiol. 94, 2350-2357

Kenttä G., and Hassmén P. (1998). Overtraining and recovery. Sports Med. 26(1), 1-16

Keogh J., and Winwood P. (2017). The epidemiology of injuries across the weight training sports: a systematic review. Sports Med. 47(3), 479-501

Kerr Z., Collins C., and Comstock R. (2010). Epidemiology of weight training-related injuries presenting to United States emergency departments, 1990 to 2007. Am. J. Sports Med. 38(4), 765-771

Kiely J. (2012). Periodization paradigms in the 21st century: evidence-led or tradition-driven? Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 7, 242-250

Kim J., Lee J., Kim S., Ryu H., Cha K., and Sung D. (2016). Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis mechanisms and prevention: a literature review. J. Sport Health Sci. 5, 324-333

Kim P., Staron R., and Phillips S. (2005). Fasted-state skeletal muscle protein synthesis after resistance exercise is altered with training. J. Physiol. 568(1), 283-290

Kingston K., and Wilson K. (2009). The application of goal setting in sport. In: Mellalieu S., and Hanton S. (Eds) (2009). Advances in applied sport psychology: a review. Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415577021

Kjær M., Langberg H., Heinemeier K., Bayer M., Hansen M., Holm L., Doessing S., Kongsgaard M., Krogsgaard M., and Magnusson S. (2009). From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 19, 500-510

Klemp A., Dolan C., Quiles J., Blanco R., Zoeller R., Graves B., and Zourdos M. (2016). Volume-equated high- and low-repetition daily undulating programming strategies produce similar hypertrophy and strength adaptations. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 41, 1-7

Klerck R. (2014). Body trainer for Men. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-1450419703

Kodama S., Saito K., Tanaka S., Maki M., Yachi Y., Asumi M., Sugawara A., Totsuka K., Shimano H., Ohashi Y., Yamada N., and Sone H. (2009). Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 301(19), 2024-2035

Kokkonen J., Nelson A., Tarawhiti T., Buckingham P., and Winchester J. (2010). Early-phase resistance training strength gains in novice lifters are enhanced by doing static stretching. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24(2), 502-506

Kontos A. (2004). Perceived risk, risk taking, estimation of ability and injury among adolescent sport participants. J. Pediatric Psychol. 29, 447-455

Koopman R., Manders R., Jonkers R., Hul G., Kuipers H., and van Loon L. (2006). Intramyocellular lipid and glycogen content are reduced following resistance exercise in untrained healthy males. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 96, 525-534

Korak J., Green, J., and O’Neal E. (2015). Resistance training recovery: considerations for single vs. multijoint movements and upper vs. lower body muscles. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 8(1), 85-96

Kościński K. (2014). Assessment of waist-to-hip ratio attractiveness in women: an anthropometric analysis of digital silhouettes. Arch. Sex Behav. 43, 989-997

Kosek D., Kim J., Petrella J., Cross J., and Bamman M. (2006). Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. older adults. J. Appl. Physiol. 101, 531-544

Kouri E., Pope H., Katz D., and Oliva P. (1995). Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin J Sport Med. 5(4), 223-228

Kraemer W., and Ratamess N. (2004). Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36(4), 674-688

Kraemer W., and Ratamess N. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med. 35(4), 339-361

Kraemer W., Patton J., Gordon S., Harman E., Deschenes M., Reynolds K., Newton R., Triplett N., and Dziados J. (1995). Compatability of high-intensity strength and endurance training on hormonal and skeletal muscle adaptations. J. Appl. Physiol. 78, 976-989

Krieger J. (2009). Single versus multiple sets of resistance exercise: a meta-regression. J. Strength Cond. Res. 23(6), 1890-1901

Krieger, J. W. (2010). Single vs. multiple sets of resistance exercise for muscle hypertrophy: a meta-analysis. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24 (4), 1150-1159

Krivickas L., Dorer D., Ochala J., and Frontera W. (2011). Relationship between force and size in human single muscle fibres. Exp. Physiol. 96(5), 539-547

Krueger R., South S., Johnson W., and Iacono W. (2008). The heritability of personality is not always 50%: gene-environment interactions and correlations between personality and parenting. J. Personality 76(6), 1485-1521

Kubo K., Ikebukuro T., and Yata H. (2010) Time course of changes in muscle and tendon properties during strength training and detraining. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24, 322-331

Kumar V., Atherton P., Selby A., Rankin D., Williams J., Smith K., Hiscock N., and Rennie M. (2012). Muscle protein synthetic responses to exercise: effects of age, volume, and intensity. J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 67(11), 1170-1177

Kumar V., Atherton P., Smith K., and Rennie M. (2009). Human muscle protein synthesis and breakdown during and after exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 106, 2026-2039

Kvorning T., Andersen M., Brixen K., and Madsen K. (2006). Suppression of endogenous testosterone production attenuates the response to strength training: a randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded intervention study. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 291, E1325-1332

La Cour Skip (1999). Thinking big. Available at: http://www.skiplacour.com/bb_com/thinking_big.pdf

Lally P., and Gardner B. (2013). Promoting habit formation. Health Psychol. Review 7(1), S137-S158

Lambert C., and Flynn M. (2002). Fatigue during high-intensity intermittent exercise: application to bodybuilding. Sports Med. 32 (8), 511-522

Larsson J., and Sanne C. (2005). Self-help books on avoiding time shortage. Time and Society 14, 213-230

Latham G. P. and Locke E. A. (2007). New developments in and directions for goal setting research. Eur. Psychologist 12(4), 290-300.

Latham G., and Locke E. (2007). New developments in and directions for goal-setting research. Eur. Psychologist 12(4), 290-300

Lauersen J., Bertelsen D., and Andersen L. (2014). The effectiveness of exercise interventions to prevent sports injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br. J. Sports Med. 48, 871-877

Lawton T., Cronin J., Drinkwater E., Lindsell R., and Pyne D. (2004). The effect of continuous repetition training and intra-set rest training on bench press strength and power. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 44, 361-367

Lazarus R. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The Sport Psychologist 14, 229-252

Le Meur Y., Pichon L., Schaal K., Schmitt L., Louis J., Gueneron J., Vidal P., and Hausswirth C. (2013). Evidence of parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 45(11), 2061-2071

LeBlanc A., and Janssen I. (2010). Difference between self-reported and accelerometer measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in youth. Pediatric Exerc. Sci. 22, 523-534

Lee D., Brellenthin A., Thompson P., Sui X., Lee I., and Lavie C. (2017). Running as a key lifestyle medicine for longevity. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 60(1), 45-55

Lee S., Ishibashi S., Shimomura Y., and Katsuura T. (2012). Physiological functions of the effects of the different bathing method on recovery from local muscle fatigue. J. Physiological Anthropology 31, 26

Leeder J., Gissane C., van Someren K., Gregson W., and Howatson G. (2012). Cold water immersion and recovery from strenuous exercise: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 46(4), 233-240

Lee-Heidenreich J., Lee-Heidenreich D., and Myers J. (2017). Differences in life expectancy between olympic high jumpers, discus throwers, marathon and 100 meter runners. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehab. 9(3), 1-6

Lehrer P., Woolfolk R., and Sime W. (eds) (2007). Principles and practice of stress management. 3rd ed. The Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1593850005

Lemez S., and Baker J. (2015). Do elite athletes live longer? A systematic review of mortality and longevity in elite athletes. Sports Med. Open 1, 16

Lemmens H., Brodsky J., and Bernstein D. (2005). Estimating ideal body weight - a new formula. Obes. Surg. 15, 1082-1083

Leslie K., and Comfort P. (2013). The effect of grip width and hand orientation on muscle activity during pull-ups and the lat pull-down. Strength Cond. J. 35(1), 75-78

Lewis N., Collins D., Pedlar C., and Rogers J. (2015). Can clinicians and scientists explain and prevent unexplained underperformance syndrome in elite athletes: an interdisciplinary perspective and 2016 update. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 1, e000063

Lin X., Zhang X., Guo J., Roberts C., McKenzie S., Wu W., Liu S., and Song Y. (2015). Effects of exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Am. Heart Association 4, e002014

Linsenbardt S., Thomas T., and Madsen R. (1992). Effect of breathing technique on blood pressure response to resistance exercise. Br. J. Sports Med. 26, 97-100

Little J. (2005). The Nautilus North study. Ironman magazine, November 2005

Lochbaum M., and Gottardy J. (2015). A meta-analytic review of the approach-avoidance achievement goals and performance relationship in the sport psychology literature. J. Sport Health Sci. 4, 164-173

Locke E., and Latham G. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: a 35-year odyssey. Am. Psychologist 57, 705-717

Loenneke J. (2012). Skeletal muscle hypertrophy: how important is exercise intensity? J. Trainology 2, 28-31

Lorenz D., and Morrison S. (2015). Current concepts in periodization of strength and conditioning for the sports physical therapist. Int. J. Sports Physical Therapy 10(6), 734-747

Louis M., Poortmans J., Francaux M., Berre J., Boisseau N., Brassine E., Cuthbertson D., Smith K., Babraj J., WassellT., and Rennie M. (2003). No effect of creatine supplementation on human myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis after resistance exercise. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 285, E1089-E1094

Loyen A., Clarke-Cornwell A., Anderssen S., Hagströmer M., Sardinha L., Sundquist K., Ekelund U., Steene-Johannessen J., Baptista F., Hansen B., Wijndaele K., Brage S., Lakerveld J., Brug J., and van der Ploeg H. (2017). Sedentary time and physical activity surveillance through accelerometer pooling in four European countries. Sports Med. 47(7), 1421-1435

MacDougall D., and Sale D. (2014). The physiology of training for high performance. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0199650644

MacDougall J., Ray S., Sale D., McCartney N., Lee P., and Garner S. (1999). Muscle substrate utilization and lactate production. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 24(3), 209-215

MacDougall J., Ward G., Sale D., and Sutton J. (1977). Biochemical adaptation of human skeletal muscle to heavy resistance training and immobilization. J. Appl. Physiol. 43(4), 700-703

Macnamara B., Moreau D., and Hambrick D. (2016). The relationship between deliberate practice and performance in sports: a meta-analysis. Persp. Psychological Sci. 11(3), 333-350

Macnamara J., and Stearne D. (2010). Flexible nonlinear periodization in a beginner college weight training class. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24(1), 17-22

Macnaughton L., Wardle S., Witard O., McGlory C., Hamilton D., Jeromson S., Lawrence C., Wallis G., and Tipton K. (2016). The response of muscle protein synthesis following whole‐body resistance exercise is greater following 40 g than 20 g of ingested whey protein. Physiol. Rep. 4(15), e12893

Macquet A., and Skalej V. (2015). Time management in elite sports: how do elite athletes manage time under fatigue and stress conditions? J. Occupational Organizational Psychol. 88(2), 341-363

Maganaris C., Collins D., and Sharp M. (2000). Expectancy effects and strength training: do steroids make a difference? The Sport Psychologist 14(3), 272-278

Mah CD, Mah KE, Kezirian EJ, and Dement W. (2011). The effects of sleep extension on the athletic performance of collegiate basketball players. Sleep 34(7), 943-950

Mahoney M., Gabriel T., and Perkins T. (1987). Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance. The Sport Psychologist 1, 181-199

Malisoux L., Francaux M., and Theisen D. (2007). What do single-fiber studies tell us about exercise training? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 39(7), 1051-1060

Malm C. (2001). Exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation: fact or fiction? Acta Physiol. Scand. 171, 233-239

Mangine G., Hoffman J., Gonzalez A., Townsend J., Wells A., Jajtner A., Beyer K., Boone C., Miramonti A., Wang R., LaMonica M., Fukuda D., Ratamess N., and Stout J. (2015). The effect of training volume and intensity on improvements in muscular strength and size in resistance-trained men. Physiological Reports 3(8), e12472

Mangine G., Hoffman J., Gonzalez A., Townsend J., Wells A., Jajtner A., Beyer K., Boone C., Wang R., Miramonti A., LaMonica M., Fukuda D., Witta L., Ratamess N., and Stout J. (2017). Exercise-induced hormone elevations are related to muscle growth. J. Strength Cond. Res. 31(1), 45-53

Mann J., Thyfault J., Ivey P., and Sayers S. (2010). The effect of autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise vs. linear periodization on strength improvement in college athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24(7), 1718-1723

Marchant D. (2011). Attentional focusing instructions and force production. Front. Psychol. 1, 210, 1-9

Marchant D. C., Greig M., and Scott C. (2008). Attentional focusing strategies influence bicep EMG during isokinetic biceps curls. Athl. Insights. 10(2). Available at: http://www.athleticinsight.com/Vol10Iss2/MuscularActivity.htm

Marchant D., Greig M., Bullough J., and Hitchen D. (2011). Instructions to adopt an external focus enhance muscular endurance. Res. Quarterly Exerc. Sport 82(3), 466-473

Margaritis I., Tessier F., Verdera F., Bermon S., and Marconnet P. (1999) Muscle enzyme release does not predict muscle function impairment after triathlon. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 39, 133-139

Markland D. (2007). Exercise motivation measurement. Available at: http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~pes004/exercise_motivation/scales.htm

Markland D., and Ingledew D. (1997). The measurement of exercise motives: factorial validity and invariance across gender of a revised Exercise Motivations Inventory. Br. J. Health Psychol. 2, 361-376

Markland D., and Tobin V. (2004). A modification to the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 26, 191-196

Marshall P., McEwen M., and Robbins D. (2011). Strength and neuromuscular adaptation following on, four, and eight sets of high intensity resistance exercise in trained males. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 111, 3007-3016

Martin K., Thompson K., Keegan R. Ball N., and Rattray B. (2015). Mental fatigue does not affect maximal anaerobic exercise performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 115(4), 715-725

Martins A., Paz A., Vigário P., Costa e Silva G., Maia M., and Miranda H. (2014). Static stretching volume is associated with maximal repetition performance. JEPonline 17(6), 24-33

Martorelli S., Cadore E., Izquierdo M., Celes R., Martorelli A., Cleto V., Alvarenga J., and Bottaro M. (2017). Strength training with repetitions to failure does not provide additional strength and muscle hypertrophy gains in young women. Eur. J. Transl. Myol. 27(2), 113-120

Mascret N., Elliot A., and Cury F. (2015). Extending the 3 x 2 achievement goal model to the sport domain: the 3 x 2 Achievement Goal Questionnaire for Sport. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 17, 7-14

Maslow A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396

Matthews C., George S., Moore S., Bowles H., Blair A., Park Y., Troiano R., Hollenbeck A., and Schatzkin A. (2012). Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors and cause specific mortality in US adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95, 437-445

Matveyev L. (1977). Fundamentals of sports training. Moscow: Fizkultua i Sport Publishers (English translation in 1981)

Maughan R., and Nimmo M. (1984). The influence of variations in muscle fibre composition on muscle strength and cross-sectional area in untrained males. J. Physiol. 351, 299-311

Maughan R., Watson J., and Weir J. (1983). Strength and cross-sectional area of human skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 338, 37-49

Mayhew J., Ball T., Arnold M., and Bowen J. (1992). Relative muscular endurance performance as a predictor of bench press strength in college men and women. J. Appl. Sport Sci. Res. 6, 200-206

Mazur A., Westerman R., and Mueller U. (2013) Is rising obesity causing a secular (age-independent) decline in testosterone among American men? PLoS ONE 8(10), e76178

McCall G., Byrnes W., Dickinson A., Pattany P., and Fleck S. (1996). Muscle fiber hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistance training. J. Appl. Physiol. 81, 2004-2012

McCallum J. (1993). The complete keys to progress. Ironmind Enterprises. ISBN: 978-0926888012

McCathy P. (2011). Positive emotion in sport performance: current status and future directions. Int. Review Sport Exerc. Psychol. 4(1), 50-69

McCaw S., and Friday J. (1994). A comparison of muscle activity between a free weight and machine bench press. J. Strength Cond. 8, 259-264

McDonald L. (2009). What’s My Genetic Muscular Potential? Available at: http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/muscle-gain/whats-my-genetic-muscular-potential.html

McGill S. (2005). On the use of weight belts. NSCA Hot Topic Series.

McGlory C., and Phillips S. (2015). Exercise and the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Progress Molec. Biol. Translational Sci. 135, 153-173

McGlory C., and Phillips S. (2016). Amino acids and exercise: molecular and cellular aspects. In: Dardevet D. (Ed.) (2016). The molecular nutrition of amino acids and proteins. Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0128021675

McGowan C., Pyne D., Thompson K., and Rattray B. (2015). Warm-up strategies for sport and exercise: mechanisms and applications. Sports Med. 45(11), 1523-1546

McGuigan M., Kraemer W., Deschenes M., Gordon S., Kitaura T., Scheett T., Sharman M., and Staron R. (2002). Statistical analysis of fiber area in human skeletal muscle. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 27, 415-422

McHugh M., and Cosgrave C. (2010). To stretch or not to stretch: the role of stretching in injury prevention and performance. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 20, 169-181

McLeod M., Breen L., Hamilton L., and Philp A. (2016). Live strong and prosper: the importance of skeletal muscle strength for healthy ageing. Biogerontology 17, 497-510

McLester J., Bishop P., Smith J., Wyers L., Dale B., Kozusko J., Richardson M., Nevett M., and Lomax R. (2003). A series of studies-a practical protocol for testing muscular endurance recovery. J. Strength Cond. Res. 17(2), 259-273

McMahon G., Morse C., Burden A., Winwood K., and Onambélé G. (2014). Impact of range of motion during ecologically valid resistance training protocols on muscle size, subcutaneous fat, and strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28(1), 245-255

McMaster D., Gill N., Cronin J., and McGuigan M. (2013). The development, retention and decay rates of strength and power in elite rugby union, rugby league and American football: a systematic review. Sports Med. 4, 367-384

McNally I. (2002). Contrasting concepts of competitive state-anxiety in sport: multidimensional anxiety and catastrophe theories. Athletic Insight 4(2), 10-22

McRobert S. (1998). Beyond brawn. CS Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-99636160602

McRobert S. (2011). The insider's tell-all on weight-training technique. 3rd ed. CS Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-9963916399

Medeiros D., and Lima C. (2017). Influence of chronic stretching on muscle performance: systematic review. Human Movement Sci. 54, 220-229

Meijer J., Jaspers R., Rittweger J., Seynnes O., Kamandulis S., Brazaitis M., Skurvydas A., Pisot R., Simunic B., Narici M., and Degens H. (2015). Single muscle fibre contractile properties differ between body-builders, power athletes and control subjects. Exper. Physiol. 100(11), 1331-1341

Mellalieu S., and Hanton S. (Eds) (2009). Advances in applied sport psychology: a review. Routledge. ISBN: 9780203887073

Mellalieu S., and Shearer D. (2013). Mental skills training and strength and conditioning. In Tod D., and Lavallee D. (2013). The psychology of strength and conditioning. Routledge ISBN: 978-0415574082

Meltzer D. (1994). Age dependence of Olympic weightlifting ability. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26, 1053-1067

Mentzer M., and Little J. (2003). High-intensity training the Mike Mentzer way. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-0071383301

Menzies P., Menzies C., McIntyre L., Paterson P., Wilson J., and Kemi O. (2010). Blood lactate clearance during active recovery after an intense running bout depends on the intensity of the active recovery. J. Sports Sci. 28(9), 975-982

Mero A., Tornberg J., Mäntykoski M., and Puurtinen R. (2015). Effects of far-infrared sauna bathing on recovery from strength and endurance training sessions in men. Springerplus, 4, 321

Michie S., Abraham C., Whittington C., McAteer J., and Gupta S. (2009). Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: a meta-regression. Health Psychol. 28, 690-701

Miller A., MacDougall J., Tarnopolsky M., and Dale D. (1993). Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 66, 254-262

Miller C., Fraser S., Straznicky N., Dixon J., Selig S., and Levinger I. (2013). Effect of diet versus diet and exercise on weight loss and body composition in class II and III obesity: a systematic review. J. Diabetes Metab. 4, 6

Mitchell C., Churchward-Venne T., Bellamy L., Parise G., Baker S., and Phillips S. (2013). Muscular and systemic correlates of resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy. PLoS ONE 8(10), e78636

Mitchell C., Churchward-Venne T., West D., Burd N., Breen L., Baker S., and Phillips S. (2012a). Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men. J. Appl. Physiol. 113, 71-77

Mitchell K., Williams J., Atherton P., Larvin M., Lund J., and Narici M. (2012b). Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; a quantitative review. Front. Physiol. 3, 260

Mitchell L., Murray S., Cobley S., Hackett D., Gifford J., Capling L., and O’Connor H. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychologicalfeatures in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: a systematicreview and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 47, 233-259

Moneta G. (2012). On the measurement and conceptualization of flow. In Engeser (2012). Advances in flow research. ISBN: 978-1461423584

Moore D., and Healy P. (2008). The trouble with overconfidence. Psychological Review 115(2), 502-517

Moore D., Young M., and Phillips S. (2012). Similar increases in muscle size and strength in young men after training with maximal shortening or lengthening contractions when matched for total work. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 112(4), 1587-1592

Moore S., Patel A., Matthews C., de Gonzalez A., Park Y., Katki H., Linet M., Weiderpass E., Visvanathan K., Helzlsouer K., Thun M., Gapstur S., Hartge P., and Lee I. (2012). Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis. PLoS Med. 9(11), e1001335

Moraes E., Alves H., Teixeira A., Dias M., Miranda H., and Simão R. (2014). Relationship between repetitions and selected percentage of one repetition maximum in trained and untrained adolescent subjects. JEPonline 17(2), 27-35

Moran A. (1996). The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. Psychology Press. ISBN: 978-0863774430

Moran A. (2004). Sport and exercise psychology: a critical introduction. Routledge. 978-0415168090

Morgenroth T., Ryan M., and Peters K. (2015). The motivational theory of role modeling: how role models influence role aspirants’ goals. Review General Psychol. 19(4), 465-483

Moritz S., Feltz D., Fahrbach K., and Mack D. (2000). The relation of self efficacy measures to sport performance: a meta-analytic review. Research Quarterly Exerc. Sport 71, 280-294

Morrison S., Sleivert G., and Cheung S. (2004). Passive hyperthermia reduces voluntary activation and isometric force production. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 729-736

Morton R., Fitz-Clarke J., and Banister E. (1990). Modeling human performance in running. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 69(3), 1171-1177

Morton R., McGlory C., and Phillips S. (2015). Nutritional interventions to augment resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Front. Physiol. 6, 245

Morton R., Oikawa S., Wavell C., Mazara N., McGlory C., Quadrilatero J., Baechler B., Baker S., and Phillips S. (2016). Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men. J. Appl. Physiol. 121, 129-138

Morton S., Whitehead J., Brinkert R., and Caine D. (2011). Resistance training vs. static stretching: effects on flexibility and strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25, 3391-3398

Murach K., and Bagley J. (2015). Less is more: the physiological basis for tapering in endurance, strength, and power athletes. Sports 3, 209-218

Murach K., and Bagley J. (2016). Skeletal muscle hypertrophy with concurrent exercise training: contrary evidence for an interference effect. Sports Med. 46(8), 1029-1039

Murray C., Ezzati M., Lopez A., Rodgers A., and Vander Hoorn S. (2003). Comparative quantification of health risks conceptual framework and methodological issues. Popul. Health Metr. 1(1), 1

Muth. N. D. (2009). What are the guidelines for percentage of body fat loss? American Council on Exercise, Dec 2009. Available at: https://www.acefitness.org/acefit/healthy-living-article/60/112/what-are-the-guidelines-for-percentage-of-body-fat

Nargund V. (2015). Effects of psychological stress on male fertility. Nature Reviews Urology 12, 373-382

National Sleep Foundation (2017). How much sleep do we need? Available at: https://sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need

Nelson A., Arnall D., Kokkonen J., Day R., and Evans J. (2001). Muscle glycogen supercompensation is enhanced by prior creatine supplementation. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(7), 1096-1100

Netreba A., Popov D., Bravyy Y., Lyubaeva E., Terada M., Ohira T., Okabe H., Vinogradova O., and Ohira Y. (2013). Responses of knee extensor muscles to leg press training of various types in human. Russian J. Physiol. 99(3), 406-416

Nicholls J. (1984). Achievement motivation: conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review 91, 328-346

NIH (1998). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Publication No. 98-4083

Nikbakhsh R., Akbari A., Zafari A., and Taheri S. (2013). Somatotype and body composition of Iranian elite bodybuilders. Annals Biol. Res. 4(4), 176-179

Noakes T. (2012). Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole body homeostasis. Front. Physiol. 3, 82

Nóbrega S., Ugrinowitsch C., Pintanel L., Barcelos C., and Libardi C. (2017). Effect of resistance training to muscle failure versus volitional interruption at high- and low-intensities on muscle mass and strength. J. Strength Cond. Res. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001787

Noorkõiv M., Nosaka K., and Blazevich A. (2014). Neuromuscular adaptations associated with knee joint angle-specific force change. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 46(8), 1525-1537

Nosaka K., and Aoki M. (2011). Repeated bout effect: research update and future perspective. Braz. J. Biomotricity 5(1), 5-15

Nosaka K., Lavender A., Newton M., and Sacco P. (2003). Muscle damage in resistance training – is muscle damage necessary for strength gain and muscle hypertrophy? Int. J. Sport Health Sci. 1(1), 1-8

Nosaka K., Newton M., and Sacco P. (2002). Muscle damage and soreness after endurance exercise of the elbow flexors. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34(6), 920-927

NSCA (1989a). Strength training for female athletes: a position paper: part I. National Strength and Conditioning Association. NSCA Journal 11(4), 43-51

NSCA (1989b). Strength training for female athletes: a position paper: part II. National Strength and Conditioning Association. NSCA Journal 11(5), 29-36

Nuckols G. (2015). Who’s the most impressive powerlifter? Available at: http://www.strongerbyscience.com/whos-the-most-impressive-powerlifter/

Nuckols G. (2016a). Size vs. strength: how important is muscle growth for strength gains? Available at: http://www.strongerbyscience.com/size-vs-strength/

Nuckols G. (2016b). Training based on muscle fiber type: are you missing out? Available at: http://strengtheory.com/muscle-fiber-type/

Nusselder W., Looman C., Franco O., Peeters A., Slingerland A., and Mackenbach J. (2008). The relation between non-occupational physical activity and years lived with and without disability. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 62, 823-828

O’Connor P., Herring M., and Caravalho A. (2010). Mental health benefits of strength training in adults. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 4, 377-396

Ogasawara R., Thiebaud R., Loenneke J., and Abe T. (2012). Time course for arm and chest muscle thickness changes following bench press training. Int. Med. Appl. Sci. 4(4), 217-220

Ogasawara R., Yasuda T., Ishii N., and Abe T. (2013) Comparison of muscle hypertrophy following 6-month of continuous and periodic strength training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 113, 975-985

Ogborn D., and Schoenfeld B. (2014). The role of fiber types in muscle hypertrophy: implications for loading strategies. Strength Cond. J. 36(2), 20-25

Ogden J., Veale D., and Summers Z. (1997). The development and validation of the exercise dependence questionnaire. Addiction Res. 5(4), 343-356

Oliver J., Jagim A., Sanchez A., Mardock M., Kelly K., Meredith H., Smith G., Greenwood M., Parker J., Riechman S., Fluckey J., Crouse S., and Kreider R. (2013). Greater gains in strength and power with intraset rest intervals in hypertrophic training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27(11), 3116-3131

Olmedilla A., Rubio V., and Ortega E. (2015). Predicting and preventing sport injuries: the role of stress. In Hopkins G. (Ed.) (2015). Sports injuries. Nova Science Publishing. ISBN: 978-1634633055

Olpin M., and Hesson M. (2015). Stress management for life: a research-based experiential approach 4th ed. Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN: 978-1305120594

Orth U., and Robbins R. (2014). The Development of self-esteem. Current Dir. Psychological Sci. 23, 381-387

Ostrowski K., Wilson G., Weatherby R., Murphy P., and Little A. (1997). The effect of weight training volume on hormonal output and muscular size and function. J. Strength Cond. Res. 11, 149-154

Otto R., and Carpinelli R. (2006). A critical analysis of the single versus multiple set debate. JEPonline, 9(1), 32-57

Oya T., Riek S., and Cresswell A. (2009). Recruitment and rate coding organisation for soleus motor units across entire range of voluntary isometric plantar flexions. J. Physiol. 587(19), 4737–4748

Ozaki H., Kubota A., Natsume T., Loenneke J., Abe T., Machida S., and Naito H. (2017). Effects of drop sets with resistance training on increases in muscle CSA, strength, and endurance: a pilot study. J. Sports Sci. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1331042

Ozaki H., Loenneke J., Buckner S., and Abe T. (2016). Muscle growth across a variety of exercise modalities and intensities: Contributions of mechanical and metabolic stimuli. Medical Hypotheses 88, 22-26

Page P. (2012). Current concepts in muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation. Intern. J. Sports Physical Therapy 7(1), 109-119

Pai M. and Paloucek F. (2000). The origin of the “ideal” body weight equations. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 34, 1066-1069

Pallier G., Wilkinson R., Danthiir V., Kleitman S., Knezevic G., Stankov L., and Roberts R. (2002). The Role of Individual Differences in the Accuracy of Confidence Judgments. J. General Psychol. 129(3), 257-299

Pareja-Blanco F., Rodríguez-Rosell D., Sánchez-Medina L., Ribas-Serna J., López-López C., Mora-Custodio R., Yañez-García J., and González-Badillo J. (2016). Acute and delayed response to resistance exercise leading or not leading to muscle failure. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging doi: 10.1111/cpf.12348

Pareja‐Blanco F., Rodríguez‐Rosell D., Sánchez‐Medina L., Sanchis‐Moysi J., Dorado C., Mora‐Custodio R., Yáńez-García, Morales-Alamo D., Pérez-Suárez I., Calbet J., and González‐Badillo J. (2017). Effects of velocity loss during resistance training on athletic performance, strength gains and muscle adaptations. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 27(7), 724-735

PAR-Q+ (2017). Available at: http://eparmedx.com/

Pascoe D., Costill D., Fink W., Robergs R., and Zachwieja J. (1993). Glycogen resynthesis in skeletal muscle following resistive exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25, 349-354

Paz G., Maia M., Whinchester J., and Miranda H. (2016). Strength performance parameters and muscle activation adopting two antagonist stretching methods before and between sets. Sci. Sports 31(6), 173-180

Peck E., Chomko G., Gaz D., and Farell A. (2014). The effects of stretching on performance. Current Sports Med. Reports 13(3), 179-185

Peeters M., Thomis M., Loos R., Derom C., Fagard R., Claessens A., Vlietinck R., and Beunen G. (2007). Heritability of somatotype components: a multivariate analysis. Int. J. Obesity 31, 1295-1301

Pelka M., Heidari J., Ferrauti A., Meyer T., Pfeiffer M., and Kellmann M. (2016). Relaxation techniques in sports: a systematic review on acute effects on performance. Performance Enhancement & Health 5, 47-59

Pelletier L., Fortier M., Vallerand R., Tuson K., Brière N., and Blais M. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 17, 35-53

Pereira M., and Gomes P. (2007). Effects of isotonic resistance training at two movement velocities on strength gains. Bras. J. Sports Med. 13(2), 79-83e

Perry J. (2015). Sport psychology: a complete introduction. Hodder & Stoughton. An Hachtte UK company. ISBN: 978-1473608467

Peterson M., Rhea M., and Alvar B. (2005). Applications of the dose-response for muscular strength development: a review of meta-analytic efficacy and reliability for designing training prescription. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(4), 950-958

Peterson M., Rhea M., and Alvar. B. (2004). Maximizing strength development in athletes: a meta-analysis to determine the dose-response relationship. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18(2), 377-382

Petrella J., Kim J., Mayhew D., Cross J., and Bamman M. (2008). Potent myofiber hypertrophy during resistance training in humans is associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear addition: a cluster analysis. J. Appl. Physiol. 104, 1736-1742

Phillips S., and Winett R. (2010). Uncomplicated resistance training and health-related outcomes: evidence for a public health mandate. Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 9(4), 208-213

Phillips S., Tipton K., Aarsland A., Wolf S., and Wolfe R. (1997). Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 273(1), 99-107

Piacentini M., Witard O., Tonoli C., Jackman S., Turner J., Kies A., Jeukendrup A., Tipton K., and Meeusen R. (2016). Effect of intensive training on mood with no effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 11(6), 824-830

Pineau T., Glass C., and Kaufman K. (2014). Mindfulness in sport performance. In Ie A., Ngnoumen C., and Langer E. (Eds.) (2014). Handbook of mindfulness. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Pinto R., Gomes N., Radaelli R., Botton C., Brown L., and Bottaro M. (2012). Effect of range of motion on muscle strength and thickness. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26(8), 2140-2145

Plisk S. (1991). Anaerobic metabolic conditioning: a brief review of theory, strategy and practical application. J. Appl. Sport Sci. Res. 5(1), 22-34

Pope H., Gruber A., Choi P., Olivardia R., and Phillips K. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychomatics 38(6), 548-557

Poppendieck W., Faude O., Wegmann M., and Meyer T. (2013). Cooling and performance recovery of trained athletes: a meta-analytical review. Int. J. Sports Phys. Perform. 8, 227-242

Prestes J., Tibana R., de Araujo Sousa E., da Cunha Nascimento D., de Oliveira Rocha P., Camarço N., Frade de Sousa N., and Willardson J. (2017). Strength and muscular adaptations following 6 weeks of rest-pause versus traditional multiple-sets resistance training in trained subjects. J. Strength and Cond. Res. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001923

Pritchard H., Keogh J., Barnes M., and McGuigan M. (2015). Effects and mechanisms of tapering in maximizing muscular strength. Strength Cond. J. 37(2), 72-83

Proske U., and Allen T. (2005). Damage to skeletal muscle from eccentric exercise. Sport Sci. Rev. 33(2), 98-104

Puthucheary Z., Skipworth J., Rawal J., Loosemore M., van Someren K., and Montgomery H. (2011). Genetic influences in sport and physical performance. Sports Med. 41(10), 845-859

Racinais S., and Oksa J. (2010). Temperature and neuromuscular function. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 20(3), 1-18

Radcliffe J., Comfort P., and Fawcett T. (2013). The perception of psychology and the frequency of psychological strategies used by strength and conditioning practitioners. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27(4), 1136-1146

Raedeke T., and Smith A. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 23, 281-306

Ralston G., Kilgore L., Wyatt F., and Baker J. (2017). The effect of weekly set volume on strength gain: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0762-7

Ramirez E., and Wipfli B. (2013). Exercise and stress reactivity in humans and animals: two meta-analyses. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 6(2), 144-156

Ramsay D., and Woods S. (2014). Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation. Psychol. Rev. 121(2), 225-247

Rassier D., MacIntosh B., and Herzog W. (1999). Length dependence of active force production in skeletal muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 86(5), 1445-1457

Reilly T, and Piercy M. (1994). The effect of partial sleep deprivation on weight-lifting performance. Ergonomics 37(1), 107-115

Reilly T., Morris T., and Whyte G. (2009). The specificity of training prescription and physiological assessment: a review. J. Sports Sci. 27(6), 575-589

Reimers C., Knapp G., and Reimers A. (2012). Does physical activity increase life expectancy? A review of the literature. J. Aging Res. 243958

Reiser M., Büsch D., and Munzert J. (2011). Strength gains by motor imagery with different ratios of physical to mental practice. Frontiers Psychol. 2, 194

Renfro G., and Ebben W. (2006). A review of the use of lifting belts. Strength Cond. J. 28(1), 68-74

Reynolds J., Gordon T., and Robergs R. (2006). Prediction of one repetition maximum strength from multiple repetition maximum testing and anthropometry. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20(3), 584-592

Rhea M., Alvar B., and Burkett L. (2002). Single versus multiple sets for strength: a meta-analysis to address the controversy. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 73, 485-458

Rhea M., Alvar B., Burkett L., and Ball S. (2003). A meta-analysis to determine the dose response for strength development. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(3), 456-464

Rhea M., and Alderman B. (2004). A meta-analysis of periodized versus nonperiodized strength and power training programs. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 75, 413-422.

Rhodes R., and de Bruijn G. (2013). How big is the physical activity intention-behaviour gap? A meta-analysis using the action control framework. Br. J. Health Psychol. 18, 296-309

Ribeiro A., Romanzini M., Schoenfeld B., Souza M., Avelar A., and Cyrino E. (2014). Effect of different warm-up procedures on the performance of resistance training exercises. Perceptual & Motor Skills: Motor Skills & Ergonomics 119(1), 133-145

Richens B., and Cleather D. (2014). The relationship between the number of repetitions performed at given intensities is different in endurance and strength trained athletes. Biol. Sport 31, 157-161

Robbins D., Goodale T., Docherty D., Behm D., and Tan Q. (2010a). The effects of load and training pattern on acute neuromuscular responses in the upper body. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24(11), 2996-3007

Robbins D., Young W., Behm D., and Payne W. (2010b). Agonist-antagonist paired set resistance training: a brief review. J. Strength Cod. Res. 24(10), 2873-2882

Robergs R., Pearson D., Costill D., Fink W., Pascoe D., Benedict M., Lambert C., and Zachweija J. (1991). Muscle glycogenolysis during differing intensities of weight-resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 70(4), 1700-1706.

Roberts G., Treasure D., and Balague G. (1998). Achievement goals in sport: the development and validation of the perception of success Questionnaire. J. Sports Sci. 16, 337-347

Roberts L., Raastad T., Markworth J., Figueiredo V., Egner I., Shield A., Cameron-Smith D., Coombes J., and Peake J. (2015). Postexercise cold water immersion attenuates acute anabolic signalling and long-term adaptations in muscle to strength training. J. Physiol. 593(18), 4285-301

Roberts P., Fox J. Peirce N., Jones S., Casey A., and Greenhaff P. (2016). Creatine ingestion augments dietary carbohydrate mediated muscle glycogen supercompensation during the initial 24 h of recovery following prolonged exhaustive exercise in humans. Amino Acids 48, 1831-1842

Roepstorff C., Thiele M., Hillig T., Pilegaard H., Richter E., Wojtaszewski J., and Kiens B. (2006). Higher skeletal muscle alpha2AMPK activation and lower energy charge and fat oxidation in men than in women during submaximal exercise. J. Physiol. 574, 125-138

Rogers H., Morris T., and Moore M. (2008). A qualitative study of the achievement goals of recreational exercise participants. The Qualitative Report 13, 706-734

Rohman L. (2009). The relationship between anabolic androgenic steroids and muscle dysmorphia: a review. Eat Disord. 17, 187-199

Roig M., O’Brien K., Kirk G., Murray R., McKinnon P., Shadgan B., and Reid W. (2009). The effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 43(8), 556-568

Rønnestad B., Nygaard H., and Raastad T. (2011b). Physiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 111, 2249-2259

Rønnestad B., Nymark B., and Raastad T. (2011a). Effects of inseason strength maintenance training frequency in professional soccer players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25(10), 2653-2660

Rose A., and Richter E. (2009). Regulatory mechanisms of skeletal muscle protein turnover during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 106, 1702-1711

Rosenkilde M., Auerbach P., Reichkendler M., Ploug T., Stallknecht B., and Sjödin A. (2012). Body fat loss and compensatory mechanisms in response to different doses of aerobic exercise-a randomized controlled trial in overweight sedentary males. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 303, R571-R579

Roth S. (2012). Genetic aspects of skeletal muscle strength and mass with relevance to sarcopenia. BoneKEy Reports 1, 58

Royer H., Stehr M., and Sydnor J. (2015). Incentives, commitments, and habit formation in exercise: evidence from a field experiment with workers at a fortune-500 company. Am. Econ. J. Appl. Economics 7(3), 51-84

Rozand V., Lebon F., Papaxanthis C., and Lepers R. (2014). Does a mental training session induce neuromuscular fatigue? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 46(10), 1981-1989

Rumbold J., Fetcher D., and Daniels K. (2012). A systematic review of stress management interventions with sport performers. Sport Exerc. Perform. Psychol. 1(3), 173-193

Ryan R., and Deci E. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am. Psychologist 55(1), 68-78

Saeterbakken A., Mo D., Scott S., and Andersen V. (2017). The effects of bench press variations in competitive athletes on muscle activity and performance. J. Human Kinetics 57, 61-71

Sakadjian A., Panchuk D., and Pearce A. (2013). I look, therefore i see. using action observation in improving strength and conditioning techniques. Strength Cond. J. 35(2), 33-38

Sampson J., and Groeller H. (2016). Is repetition failure critical for the development of muscle hypertrophy and strength? Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 26(4), 375-383

Sargeant A., and de Haan A. (2006). Human muscle fatigue: the significance of muscle fibre type variability studied using a micro-dissection approach. J. Physiol. Pharmacology 57(S10), 5-16

Sargent C., Lastella M., Halson S., and Roach G. (2014). The impact of training schedules on the sleep and fatigue of elite athletes. Chronobiology Intern. 31(10), 1160-1168

Sargent C., Lastella M., Halson S., and Roach G. (2016). The validity of activity monitors for measuring sleep in elite athletes. J. Sci. Med. Sport 19, 848-853

Saw A., Main L., and Gastin P. (2016). Monitoring the athlete training response: subjective self-reported measures trump commonly used objective measures: a systematic review. Br. J. Sports Med. 50, 281-291

Schantz P., Randall-Fox E., Hutchison W., Tydén A., and Åstrand P. (1983). Muscle fibre type distribution, muscle cross-sectional area and maximal voluntary strength in humans. Acta Pysiol. Scand. 117, 219-226

Schneiderman N., Ironson G., and Siegel S. (2005). Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 1, 607-628

Schoenfeld B. (2010). The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24, 2857-2872

Schoenfeld B. (2011). The use of specialized training techniques to maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength Cond J. 33(4), 60-65

Schoenfeld B. (2012a). Does exercise-induced muscle damage play a role in skeletal muscle hypertrophy? J. Strength Cond. Res. 26, 1441-1453

Schoenfeld B. (2012b). The M.A.X. Muscle Plan. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-1450423878

Schoenfeld B. (2013a). Is there a minimum intensity threshold for resistance training-induced hypertrophic adaptations? Sports Med. 43(12), 1279-1288

Schoenfeld B. (2013b). Potential mechanisms for a role of metabolic stress in hypertrophic adaptations to resistance training. Sports Med. 43, 179-194

Schoenfeld B. (2013c). Post-exercise hypertrophic adaptations: a re-examination of the hormone hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27(6), 1720-1730

Schoenfeld B. (2016). Science and development of muscle hypertrophy. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-1492519607

Schoenfeld B., and Contreras B. (2013). Is postexercise muscle soreness a valid indicator of muscular adaptations? Strength Cond. J. 13(5), 16-21

Schoenfeld B., Contreras B., Ogborn D., Galpin A., Krieger J., and Sonmez G. (2016e). Effects of varied versus constant loading zones on muscular adaptations in trained men. Int. J. Sports Med. 37(6), 442-447

Schoenfeld B., Contreras B., Vigotsky A., and Peterson M. (2016c). Differential effects of heavy versus moderate loads on measures of strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. J. Sports Sci. Med. 15, 715-722

Schoenfeld B., Grgic J., Ogborn D., and Krieger J. (2017b). Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- versus high-load resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond. Res. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200

Schoenfeld B., Ogborn D., and Krieger J. (2015b). Effect of repetition duration during resistance training on muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 45(4), 577-585

Schoenfeld B., Ogborn D., and Krieger J. (2016a). Effects of resistance training frequency on measures of muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 46(11), 1689-1697

Schoenfeld B., Ogborn D., and Krieger J. (2017a). Dose response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Sports Sci. 35(11), 1073-1082

Schoenfeld B., Ogborn D., Vigotsky A., Franchi M., and Krieger J. (2017c). Hypertrophic effects of concentric versus eccentric muscle actions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Strength Cond. Res. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001983

Schoenfeld B., Peterson M., Ogborn D., Contreras B., and Sonmez G. (2015a). Effects of low- versus high-load resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy in well-trained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29(10), 2954-2963

Schoenfeld B., Pope Z., Benik F., Hester G., Sellers J., Nooner J., Schnaiter J., Bond-Williams K., Carter A., Ross C., Just B., Henselmans M., and Krieger J. (2016b). Longer interset rest periods enhance muscle strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 30(7), 1805-1812

Schoenfeld B., Ratamess N., Peterson M., Contreras B., Tiryaki-Sonmez G. and Alvar B. (2014). Effects of different volume-equated resistance training loading strategies on muscular adaptations in well-trained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28(10), 2909-2918

Schoenfeld B., Wilson J., Lowery R., and Krieger J. (2016d). Muscular adaptations in low- versus high-load resistance training: a meta-analysis. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 16(1), 1-10

Schott J., McCully K., and Rutherford O. (1995). The role of metabolites in strength training. II. Short versus long isometric contractions. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 17, 337-341

Schuenke M., Herman J., Gliders R., Hagerman F., Hikida R., Rana S., Ragg K., and Staron R. (2012). Early-phase muscular adaptations in response to slow-speed versus traditional resistance-training regimens. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 112(10), 3585-3595

Schuster C., Hilfiker R., Amft O., Scheidhauer A., Andrews B., Butler J., Kischka U. and Ettlin T. (2011). Best practice for motor imagery: a systematic literature review on motor imagery training elements in five different disciplines. BMC Med. 9, 75

Schutte N., Nederend I., Hudziak J., Geus E., and Bartels M. (2016). Differences in adolescent physical fitness: a multivariate approach and meta-analysis. Behav. Genet. 46, 217-227

Schwarzenegger A., and Dobbins B. (1998). The new encyclopedia of modern bodybuilding (rev. ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN: 978-068484374

Schwarzer, R. (2008). Modeling health behavior change: How to predict and modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors. Appl. Psychol. Int. Review 57, 1-29

Schwellnus M., Soligard T., Alonso J., Bahr R., Clarsen B., Dijkstra P., Gabbett T., Gleeson M., Hägglund M., Hutchinson M., van Rensburg C., Meeusen R., Orchard J., Pluim B., Raftery M., Budgett R., and Engebretsen L. (2016). How much is too much? (Part 2) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness. Br. J. Sports Med. 50, 1043-1052

Scott B., Duthie G., Thornton H., and Dascombe B. (2016). Training monitoring for resistance exercise: theory and applications. Sports Med. 46, 687-698

Scott W., Stevens J., and Binder-Macleod S. (2001). Human skeletal muscle fiber type classifications. Phys Ther. 81, 1810-1816

Sedliak M., Finni T., Cheng S., Lind M., and Häkkinen K. (2009). Effect of time-of-day-specific strength training on muscular hypertrophy in men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 23(9), 2451-2457

Selk J. (2008). 10-Minute Toughness Mental Workout. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN: 978-0071600637

Selye H. (1938). Experimental evidence supporting the conception of ‘adaptation energy’. Am. J. Physiol. 123, 758-765

Selye, H. (1978). The stress of life. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0070562127

Seynnes O, Erskine R., Maganaris C., Longo S., Simoneau E., Grosset J., and Narici M. (2009). Training-induced changes in structural and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon are related to muscle hypertrophy but not to strength gains. J. Appl. Physiol. 107, 523–530

Shah B., Sucher K., and Hollenbeck C. (2006). Comparison of ideal body weight equations and published height-weight tables with body mass index tables for healthy adults in the United States. Nutrition Clin. Practice 21, 312-319

Shariat A., Kargarfard M., Danaee M., and Bahri Mohd Tamrin S. (2015). Intensive resistance exercise and circadian salivary testosterone concentrations among young male recreational lifters. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29(1), 151-158

Shaw I., Shaw B., Brown G., and Shariat A. (2016) Review of the role of resistance training and musculoskeletal injury prevention and rehabilitation. Gavin J. Orthop. Res. Ther. 2016, 1-5

Shei R., and Mickleborough T. (2013). Relative contributions of central and peripheral factors in human muscle fatigue during exercise: a brief review. JEPonline, 16(6), 1-17

Shimano T., Kraemer W., Spiering B., Volek J., Hatfield D., Silvestre R., Vingren J., Fragala M., Maresh C., Fleck S., Newton R., Spreuwenberg L., and Häkkinen K. (2006). Relationship between the number of repetitions and selected percentages of one repetition maximum in free weight exercises in trained and untrained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20(4), 819-823

Shin K., Park K., Ahn J., Park Y., and Kim Y. (2016). Comparison of changes in biochemical markers for skeletal muscles, hepatic metabolism, and renal function after three types of long-distance running. Medicine 95(20), e3657

Shoepe T., Stelzer J., Garner D., and Widrick J. (2003). Functional adaptability of muscle fibers to long-term resistance exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(6), 944-951

Shook R. (2016). Obesity and energy balance: what is the role of physical activity? Expert Review Endocrin. Metabol. 11(6), 511-520

Short S., and Ross-Stewart L. (2009). A review of self-efficay based interventions. In: Mellalieu S., and Hanton S. (Eds) (2009). Advances in applied sport psychology: a review. Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415577021

Siahkouhian M., and Hedayatneja M. (2010). Correlations of anthropometric and body composition variables with the performance of young elite weightlifters. J. Human Kinetics 25, 125-131

Simão R., de Salles B., Figueiredo T., Diaz I., and Willardson J. (2012). Exercise order in resistance training. Sports Med. 42(3), 1-15

Simic L., Sarabon N., and Markovic G. (2013). Does pre-exercise static stretching inhibit maximal muscular performance? A meta-analytical review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 23(2), 131-148

Simpson C., Kim B., Bourcet M., Jones G., and Jakobi J. (2017). Stretch training induces unequal adaptation in muscle fascicles and thickness in medial and lateral gastrocnemii. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports doi: 10.1111/sms.12822

Sjöström M., Lexell J., Eriksson A., and Taylor C. (1991). Evidence of fibre hyperplasia in human skeletal muscles from healthy young men? A left-right comparison of the fibre number in whole anterior tibialis muscles. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 62, 301-304

Slimani M., Tod D., Chaabene H., Miarka B., and Chamari K. (2016). Effects of mental imagery on muscular strength in healthy and patient participants: a systematic review. J. Sports Sci. Med. 15, 434-450

Sloniger M., Cureton K., Prior B., and Evans E. (1997). Lower extremity muscle activation during horizontal and uphill running. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6), 2073-2079

Small K., Mc Naughton L., and Matthews M. (2008). A systematic review into the efficacy of static stretching as part of a warm-up for the prevention of exercise-related injury. Res. Sports Med. 16(3), 213-231

Smith D., and Hale B. (2004). Validity and factor structure of the bodybuilding dependence scale. Br. J. Sports Med. 38, 177-181

Smith R., Schutz R., Smoll F., and Ptacek J. (1995). Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 17, 379-398

Snyder B., and Fry W. (2012). Effect of verbal instruction on muscle activity during the bench press exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26(9), 2394-2400

Snyder W., Cook M., Nasset E., Karhausen L., Howells G., and Tipton I (1975). Report of the task group on reference man. Pergamon Press: Oxford.

Soares S., Ferreira-Junior J., Pereira M., Cleto V., Castanheira R., Cadore E., Brown L., Gentil P., Bemben M., and Bottaro M. (2015). Dissociated time course of muscle damage recovery between single and multi-joint exercises in highly resistance trained men. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29(9), 2594-2599

Soligard T., Schwellnus M., Alonso J., Bahr R., Clarsen B., Dijkstra P., Gabbett T., Gleeson M., Hägglund M., Hutchinson M., van Rensburg C., Khan K., Meeusen R., Orchard J., Pluim B., Raftery M., Budgett R., and Engebretsen L. (2016). How much is too much? (Part 1) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of injury. Br. J. Sports Med. 50, 1030-1041

Soria-Gila M., Chirosa I., Bautista I., Chirosa L., and Baena S. (2015). Effects of variable resistance training on maximal strength: a meta-analysis. J. Strength Cond. Res. 29(11), 3260-3270

Sothmann M., Buckworth J., Claytor R., Cox R., White-Welkley J., and Dishman R. (1996). Exercise training and the cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 24, 267-287

Souissi N., Sesboüé B., Gauthier A., Larue J., and Davenne D. (2003). Effects of one night’s sleep deprivation on anaerobic performance the following day. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 89(3), 359-366

Spence L., Brown W., Pyne D., Nissen M., Sloots T., Mccormack J., Locke A., and Fricker P. (2007). Incidence, etiology, and symptomatology of upper respiratory illness in elite athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 39(4), 577-586

Sport motivation (2017). Available at: https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/sports-psychology/sport-motivation/

Spreuwenberg L., Kraemer W., Spiering B., Volek J., Hatfield D., Silvestre R., Vingren L., Fragala M., Häkkinen K., Newton R., Maresh C., and Fleck S. (2006). Influence of exercise order in a resistance-training exercise session. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20, 141-144

Srinivasan R., Lungren M., Langenderfer J., and Hughes R. (2007). Fiber type composition and maximum shortening velocity of muscles crossing the human shoulder. Clinical Anatomy 20(2), 144-149

Staron R., Hagerman F., Hikida R., Murray T., Hostler D., Crill M., Ragg K., and Toma K. (2000). Fiber type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle of young men and women. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 48(5), 623-629

Staron R., Hikida R., Hagerman F., Dudley G., and Murray T. (1984). Human skeletal muscle fiber type adaptability to various workloads. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 32(2), 146-152

Staron R., Karapondo D., Kraemer W., Fry A., Gordon S., Falkel J., Hagerman F., and Hikida R. (1994). Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 76, 1247-1255

Steel P., and König C. (2006). Integrating theories of motivation. Academy Management Review 31(4), 889-913

Steele J., Fisher J., Giessing J., and Gentil P. (2017). Clarity in reporting terminology and definitions of set end points in resistance training. Muscle Nerve 56(3), 368-374

Steele J., Fisher J., McGuff D., Bruce-Low S., and Smith D. (2012). Resistance training to momentary muscular failure improves cardiovascular fitness in humans: a review of acute physiological responses and chronic adaptations. JEP Online 15, 53-80

Stefanek K., and Peters H. (2011). Motivation in sport: theory and application. In Cox W., and Klinger E. (eds) (2011). Handbook of Motivational counseling: goal-based approaches to assessment and intervention with addiction and other problems. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, ISBN: 978-0470749265

Steffens D., Maher C., Pereira L., Stevens M., Oliveira V., Chapple M., Teixeira-Salmela L., and Hancock M. (2016). Prevention of low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Int. Med. 176(2), 199-208

Stellabotte F., and Straub R. (2016). Weight training without injury. Regalis Publishing. ISBN: 978-0996263818

Ste-Marie D., Law B., Rymal A., Jenny O., Hall C., and McCullagh P. (2012). Observation interventions for motor skill learning and performance: an applied model for the use of observation. Int. Review Sport Exerc. Psychol. 5(2), 145-176

Sterling P. (2012). Allostasis: a model of predictive regulation. Physiol. Behavior 106(1), 5-15

Steven (2013). Natural muscle building: a look at potential, genetics & arm size. M&S. Available at: https://www.muscleandstrength.com/expert-guides/bodybuilding-genetics

Stiegler P., and Cunliffe A. (2006). Maintenance of fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate during weight loss. Sports Med. 36(3), 239-262

Stone M., O’Bryant H., Schilling B., Johnson R., Pierce K., Haff G., Koch A., and Stone M. (1999a). Periodization: effects of manipulating volume and intensity. Part 1. Strength Cond. J. 21(3), 56-62

Stone M., O’Bryant H., Schilling B., Johnson R., Pierce K., Haff G., Koch A., and Stone M. (1999b). Periodization: effects of manipulating volume and intensity. Part 2. Strength Cond J. 21(3), 54-60

Stoppani J. (2006). Encyclopedia of muscle and strength. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-0736057714

Strohacker K., Fazzino D., Breslin W., and Xu X. (2015). The use of periodization in exercise prescriptions for inactive adults: A systematic review. Preventive Med. Reports 2, 385-396

Stults-Kolehmainen M., and Sinha R. (2014). The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Med. 44(1), 81-121

Stults-Kolehmainen M., Bartholomew J., and Sinha, R. (2014). Chronic psychological stress impairs recovery of muscular function and somatic sensations over a 96 hour period. J. Strength Cond. Res. 28(7), 2007-2017

Stults-Kolehmainen M., Lu T., Ciccolo J., Bartholomew J., Brotnow L., and Sinha, R. (2015). Higher chronic psychological stress is associated with blunted affective responses to strenuous resistance exercise: RPE, pleasure, pain. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 22, 27-36

Sundstrup E., Jakobsen M., Andersen C., Zebis M., Mortensen O., and Andersen L. (2012). Muscle activation strategies during strength training with heavy loading vs. repetitions to failure. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26(7), 1897-1903

Suter E., Herzog W., Sokolosky J., Wiley P., and Macintosh B. (1993). Muscle fiber type distribution as estimated by cybex testing and by muscle biopsy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 25(3), 363-370

Suzuki M., Umeda T., Nakaji S., Shimoyama T., Mashiko T., and Sugawara K. (2004). Effect of incorporating low intensity exercise into the recovery period after a rugby match. Br. J. Sports Med. 38(4), 436-440

Swann C., Crust L., and Vella S. (2017). New directions in the psychology of optimal performance in sport: flow and clutch states. Current Opinion Psychol. 16, 48-53

Takarada Y., Tsuruta T., and Ishii N. (2004). Cooperative effects of exercise and occlusive stimuli on muscular function in low-intensity resistance exercise with moderate vascular occlusion. Jpn. J. Physiol. 54, 585-592

Tang J., Perco J., Moore D., Wilkinson S., and Phillips S. (2008). Resistance training alters the response of fed state mixed muscle protein synthesis in young men. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 294, R172-R178

Tavares L., de Souza E., Ugrinowitsch C., Laurentino G., Roschel H., Aihara A., Cardoso F., and Tricoli V. (2017). Effects of different strength training frequencies during reduced training period on strength and muscle cross-sectional area. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 17(6), 665-672

Teixeira P., Carraça E., Markland D., Silva M., and Ryan R. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and selfdetermination theory: A systematic review. Int. J. Behavioral Nutrition Physical Activity 9, 78

Tenenbaum G., Bar-Eli M., Hoffman J., Jablonovski R., Sade S., and Shitrit D. (1995). The effect of cognitive and somatic psyching-up techniques on isokinetic leg strength performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 9(1), 3-7

Teo W., Newton M., and McGuiran M. (2011). Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation. J. Sports Sci. Med. 10, 600-606

Ter Haar Romeny B., Denier van der Gon J., and Gielen C. (1984). Relation between location of a motor unit in the human biceps brachii and its critical firing levels for different tasks. Exper. Neurology 85, 631-650

Terzis G., Spengos K., Manta P., Sarris N., and Georgiadis G. (2008). Fiber type composition and capillary density in relation to submaximal number of repetitions in resistance exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22(3), 845-850

Thacker S., Gilchrist J., Stroup D., and Kimsey C. (2004). The impact of stretching on sports injury risk: a systematic review of the literature. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 36(3), 371-378

Thiebaud R. (2012). Exercise-induced muscle damage: is it detrimental or beneficial? J. Trainology 1, 36-44

Thomas M., and Burns S. (2016). Increasing lean mass and strength: a comparison of high frequency strength training to lower frequency strength training. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 9(2), 159-167

Thomas O., Lane A., and Kingston K. (2011). Defining and contextualizing robust sport confidence. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 23, 189-208

Thomas P., Murphy S., and Hardy L. (1999). Test of Performance Strategies: development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes’ psychological skills. J. Sports Sci. 17, 697-711

Thorstensson A., Larsson L., Tesch P., and Karlsson J. (1977). Muscle strength and fiber composition in athletes and sedentary men. Med. Sci. Sports 9, 26-30

Tmuscle (2014). Bodybuilder Stats Table. Available at: https://www.tmuscle.co.uk/bodybuilder-sizes/

Tod D., and Edwards C. (2015). A meta-analysis of the drive for muscularity's relationships with exercise behaviour, disordered eating, supplement consumption, and exercise dependence. Int. Review Sport Exerc. Psychol. 8(1), 185-203

Tod D., Edwards C., McGuigan M., and Lovell G. (2015). A systematic review of the effect of cognitive strategies on strength performance. Sports Med. 45(11), 1589-1602

Tod D., Hardy J., and Oliver E. (2011). Effects of self-talk: a systematic review. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 33, 666-687

Tod D., Iredale K., McGuigan M., Strange D., and Gill N. (2005). “Psyching-up” enhances force production during the bench press exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19, 599-603

Todd J., Shurley J., and Todd T. (2012). Thomas L. DeLorme and the science of progressive resistance exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26(11), 2913-2923

Tok S., Binboğa E., Guven S., Çatıkkas F., and Dane S. (2013). Trait emotional intelligence, the big five personality traits and isometric maximal voluntary contraction level under stress in athletes. Neurol. Psychiat. Br. Res. 19, 133-138

Torres R., Ribeiro F., Alberto Duarte J., and Cabri J. (2012). Evidence of the physiotherapeutic interventions used currently after exercise-induced muscle damage: systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy in Sport 13(2), 101-114

Trappe S., Gallagher P., Harber M., Carrithers J., Fluckey J., and Trappe T. (2003). Single muscle fibre contractile properties in young and old men and women. J. Physiol. 552(1), 47-58

Tremblay M., Copeland J., and Van Helder W. (2004). Effect of training status and exercise mode on endogenous steroid hormones in men. J. Appl. Physiol. 96, 531-539

Trost S., Owen N., Bauman A., Sallis J., and Brown W. (2002). Correlates of adults’ participation in physical activity: review and update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 34(12), 1996-2001

Turner A. (2011). The science and practice of periodization: a brief review. Strength Cond. J. 3(1), 34-46

Turner J., Mazzoleni M., Little J., Sequeira D., and Mann B. (2017). A nonlinear model for the characterization and optimization of athletic training and performance. Biomedical Human Kinetics 9, 82-93

Tzur A., and Roberts B. (2017). Scientific recommendations for strength and hypertrophy training from 150+ studies (part 1 of 3). http://sci-fit.net/2017/scientific-recommendations-1

Vaile J., Halson S., Gill N., and Dawson B. (2008). Effect of hydrotherapy on recovery from fatigue. Int. J. Sports Med. 29(7), 539-544

van der Ploeg G., Brooks A., Withers R., Dollman J., Leaney F., and Chatterton B. (2001). Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 55(4), 268-277

van Holle V., Deforche B., Van Cauwenberg J., Goubert L., Maes L., Van de Weghe N., and De Bourdeaudhuij I. (2012). Relationship between the physical environment and different domains of physical activity in European adults: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 12, 807

Van Raalte J., Vincent A., and Brewer B. (2016). Self-talk: review and sportspecific model. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 22, 139-148

Vance, J., Wurf, G., Töllner, T., McNevin, N., and Mercer, J. (2004). EMG activity as a function of the performer’s focus of attention. J. Motor Behavior 36, 450-459

Vanderburgh P. (2012). Body mass bias in exercise physiology. in: Zaslav K. (ed.) (2012). An international perspective on topics in sports medicine and sports injury. ISBN: 978-9535100058, Publisher: InTech. www.intechopen.com

Vardar S., Öztürk L., Kurt C., Bulut E., Sut N., and Vardar E. (2007). Sleep deprivation induced anxiety and anaerobic performance. J. Sports Sci. Med. 6, 532-537

Varvogli L., and Darviri C. (2011). Stress management techniques: evidence-based procedures that reduce stress and promote health. Health Sci. J. 5(2), 74-89

Vealey R., Hayashi S., Garner-Holman M., and Giacobbi P. (1998). Sources of sport-confidence: conceptualization and instrument development. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 20, 54-80

Verkhoshansky N. (2012). General adaptation syndrome and its applications in sport training. Available at: http://www.verkhoshansky.com/Portals/0/Presentations/GAS2.pdf

Verplanken B., and Melkevik O. (2008). Predicting habit: the case of physical exercise. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 9, 15-26

Vikne H., Refsnes P., Ekmark M., Medbk J., Gundersen V., and Gundersen K. (2006). Muscular performance after concentric and eccentric exercise in trained men. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38(10), 1770-1781

Vinogradova O., Popov D., Netreba A., Tsvirkun D., Kurochkina N., Bachinin A., Bravyi I., Liubaeva E., Lysenko E., Miller T., Borovik A., Tarasova O., and Orlov O. (2013). Optimization of training: development of a new partial load mode of strength training. Human Physiol. 39(5), 511-523

Volek J., Duncan N., Mazzetti S., Staron R., Putukian M., Gómez A., Pearson D., Fink W., and Kraemer W. (1999). Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31, 1147-1156

Vøllestad N. (1997). Measurement of human muscle fatigue. J. Neurosci. Methods 74, 219-227

Wakahara T., Miyamoto N., Sugisaki N., Murata K., Kanehisa H., Kawakami Y., Fukunaga T., and Yanai T. (2012). Association between regional differences in muscle activation in one session of resistance exercise and in muscle hypertrophy after resistance training. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 112, 1569-1576

Wakefield C., Smith D., Moranc A., and Holmes P. (2013). Functional equivalence or behavioural matching? A critical reflection on 15 years of research using the PETTLEP model of motor imagery. Int. Review Sport Exerc. Psychol. 6(1), 105-121

Walker S., Blazevich A., Haff G., Tufano J., Newton R., and Häkkinen K. (2016). Greater strength gains after training with accentuated eccentric than traditional isoinertial loads in already strength-trained men. Front.Physiol. 7, 149

Warren G., Lowe D., and Armstrong R. (1999). Measurement tools used in the study of eccentric contraction-induced injury. Sports Med. 27, 43-59

Waterhouse J., Atkinson G., Edwards B., and Reilly T. (2007). The role of a short post-lunch nap in improving cognitive, motor, and sprint performance in participants with partial sleep deprivation. J. Sports Sci. 25, 1557-1566

Watson N., Badr M., Belenky G., Bliwise D., Buxton O., Buysse D., Dinges D., Gangwisch J., Grandner M., Kushida C., Malhotra R., Martin J., Patel S., Quan S., and Tasali E. (2015). Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: methodology and discussion. J. Clin Sleep Med. 11(8), 931-952

Weerapong P., Hume P., and Kolt G. (2005). The mechanisms of massage and effects on performance, muscle recovery and injury prevention. Sports Med. 35, 235-256

Wegner D., Schneider D., Carter S., and White T. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. J. Personality Social Psychol. 53(1), 5-13

Weinberg R. (2008). Does imagery work? Effects on performance and mental skills. J. Imagery Res. Sport Physical Activity 3(1), 1-22

Weinberg R. (2009). Motivation. In Brewer B. (2009). Sport psychology. Olympic Committee. ISBN: 978-1405173636

Weinberg R. (2013). Goal setting in sport and exercise: research and practical applications. Rev. Educ. Fis/UEM 24(2), 171-179

Weiner B. (1979). A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. J. Educational Psychol. 71(1), 3-25

Welch A., and Tschampl M. (2012). Something to shout about: a simple, quick performance enhancement technique improved strength in both experts and novices. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 24(4), 418-428

Wesch N., Law B., and Hall C. (2007). The use of observational learning by athletes. J. Sport Behavior 30(2), 219-231

Wessel T., de Haan A., van der Laarse W. Jaspers R. (2010). The muscle fiber type-fiber size paradox: hypertrophy or oxidative metabolism? Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 110, 665-694

West D., and Phillips S. (2010). Anabolic processes in human skeletal muscle: restoring the identities of growth hormone and testosterone. Phys. Sports Med. 38, 97-104

West D., Cotie L., Mitchell C., Churchward-Venne T., MacDonald M., and Phillips S. (2013). Resistance exercise order does not determine postexercise delivery of testosterone, growth hormone, and IGF-1 to skeletal muscle. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 38, 220-226

Westcott W. (2012). Resistance training is medicine: effects of strength training on health. Current Sports Med. Reports 11(4), 209-216

Weston N., Greenlees I., and Thelwell R. (2011). Athlete perceptions of the impacts of performance profiling. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 9(2), 173-188

Weston N., Greenlees I., and Thelwell R. (2013). A review of Butler and Hardy’s (1992) performance profiling procedure within sport. Int. Review Sport Exerc. Psychol. 6(1), 1-21

WHO (2009). World Health Organization. Global heart risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. 2009. Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN: 978-9241563871

WHO (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. World Health Organization. Geneve, Switzerland. ISBN: 978-924159997

Widrick J., Stelzer J., Shoepe T., and Garner D. (2002). Functional properties of human muscle fibers after short-term resistance exercise training. Am. J. Physiol. Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 283, R408-R416

Wikimedia commons (2016). The muscle fiber. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3A1022_Muscle_Fibers_(small).jpg

Wilcock I., Cronin J., and Hing W. (2006). Water immersion: does it enhance recovery from exercise? Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 1(3), 195-206

Wilkinson S., Phillips S., Atherton P., Patel R., Yarasheski K., Tarnopolsky M., and Rennie M. (2008). Differential effects of resistance and endurance exercise in the fed state on signalling molecule phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human muscle. J. Physiol. 586, 3701-3717

Willardson J. (2006). A brief review: factors affecting the length of the rest interval between resistance exercise sets. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20, 978-984

Willardson J. (2007). The application of training to failure in periodized multiple-set resistance exercise programs. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21(2), 628-631

Willardson J., Norton L., and Wilson G. (2010). Training to failure and beyond in mainstream resistance exercise programs. Strength Cond. J. 32(3), 21-29

Williams S., and Cumming J. (2011). Measuring athlete imagery ability: the sport imagery ability questionnaire. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 33, 416-440

Williams S., and Cumming J. (2015). Athlete imagery ability: a predictor of confidence and anxiety intensity and direction. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 14(3), 268-280

Williams S., Cumming J., Ntoumanis N., Nordin S., Ramsey R., and Hall C. (2012). Further validation and development of the movement imagery questionnaire. J. Sports Exerc. Psychol. 34, 621-646

Williamson D., Gallagher P., Carroll C., Raue U., and Trappe S. (2001). Reduction in hybrid single muscle fiber proportions with resistance training in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 91(5), 1955-1961

Wilson G., Wood G., and Elliott B. (1991). Optimal stiffness of series elastic component in a stretch-shorten cycle activity. J. Appl. Physiol. 70(2), 825-832

Wilson J., Loenneke J., Jo E., Wilson G., Zourdos M., and Kim J. (2012a). The effects of endurance, strength, and power training on muscle fiber type shifting. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26(6), 1724-1729

Wilson J., Marin P., Rhea M., Wilson S., Loenneke J., and Anderson J. (2012b). Concurrent training: a meta-analysis examining interference of aerobic and resistance exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26, 2293-2307

Wind A., Takken T., Helders P., and Engelbert R. (2010). Is grip strength a predictor for total muscle strength in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults? Eur. J. Pediatr. 169(3), 281-287

Wise J., and Trunnel E. (2001). The influence of sources of self-efficacy upon efficacy strength. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 23, 268-280

Wolfe B., Lemura L., and Cole P. (2004). Quantitative analysis of single- vs. multiple set programs in resistance training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 18, 35-47

Wood A., Froh J., and Geraghty A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: a review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychol. Review 30(7), 890-905

Woodman T., and Hardy L. (2003). The relative impact of cognitive anxiety and self-confidence upon sport performance: a meta-analysis. J. Sports Sci. 21, 443-457

Woodman T., Davis P., Hardy L., Callow N., Glasscock I., and Yuill-Proctor J. (2009). Emotions and sport performance: An exploration of happiness, hope, and anger. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 31, 169-188

Woods K., Bishop P., and Jones E. (2007). Warm-up and stretching in the prevention of muscular injury. Sports Med. 37(12), 1089-1099

Wright C., and Smith D. (2009). The effect of PETTLEP imagery on strength performance. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 7, 18-31

Wrosch C., Scheier M., and Miller G. (2013). Goal adjustment capacities, subjective well-being, and physical health. Soc. Personal Psychol. Compass. 7(12), 847-860

Wulf G. (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years of research. Int. Review Sport Exerc. Psychol. 6, 77-104

Yasuda N., Glover E., Phillips S., Isfort R., and Tarnopolsky M. (2005). Sex-based differences in skeletal muscle function and morphology with short-term limb immobilization. J. Appl. Physiol. 99, 1085-1092

Yates D., and McGough P. (2006). A portrait of Dorian Yates: a warrior’s story. Health ‘n Life. ISBN: 978-0953476404

Yu J., Carlsson L., and Thornell L. (2004). Evidence for myofibril remodeling as opposed to myofibril damage in human muscles with DOMS: an ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscopic study. Histochem. Cell Biol. 121, 219-227

Yu J-G., Bonnerud P., Eriksson A., Stal P., Tegner Y., and Malm C. (2014) Effects of long term supplementation of anabolic androgen steroids on human skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE 9(9), e105330

Zach S., Bar-Eli M., Morris T., and Moore M. (2012). Measuring motivation for physical activity: an exploratory study of palms - the physical activity and leisure motivation scale. Athletic Insight 4(2), 141-152

Zatsiorsky V., and Kraemer W. (2006). Science and practice of strength training. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics. ISBN: 978-0736056281

Zehnder M., Muelli M., Buchli R., Kuehne G., and Boutellier U. (2004). Further glycogen decrease during early recovery after eccentric exercise despite a high carbohydrate intake. Eur. J. Nutr. 43, 148-159

Zhang J., Brackbill D., Yang S., and Centola D. (2015). Efficacy and causal mechanism of an online social media intervention to increase physical activity: results of a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine Reports 2, 651-657

Zitzmann M., and Nieschlag E. (2001). Testosterone levels in healthy men and the relation to behavioural and physical characteristics: facts and constructs. Eur. J. Endocrinology 144, 183-197

Zourdos M., Klemp A., Dolan C., Quiles J., Schau K., Jo E., Helms E., Esgro B., Duncan S., Merino S., and Blanco R. (2016). Novel resistance training-specific RPE scale measuring repetitions in reserve. J. Strength Cond. Res. 30, 267-275